Compare Macbeth to a Film Adaptation - 1038 Words

In William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth† the audience witness’s one man’s overriding ambitions to his iconic fall. Shakespeare makes a point of showing the deterioration of the Macbeth that entered the stage in Act 1 and the Macbeth that dies in act 7, showing that even the deep morality and honesty of a man like a man can worsen into a man who is willing to kill his own King – a deadly sin in Shakespeare’s 17th century. Throughout my piece I shall make unifying links between the adaptation directed by Mark Brozel and the original text wrote by none other than Shakespeare. For the period of Act 1, Scene 2, Macbeth is hailed as the very heroic and brave â€Å"Worthy gentleman!† who â€Å"carved out his passage Till he faced the slave;† this suggests†¦show more content†¦In the play Macbeth seems to be in awe of King Duncan, Macbeth feels any work done on the request of or for Duncan is not work at all, but duty, Macbeth admires Duncan as a King and respects him as I quote â€Å"The service and the loyalty I owe In doing it pays itself. Your highness part Is to receive our duties, and our duties Are to your throne and state children and servant† (Act 1, Scene 4) Macbeth and Duncan have a respected relationship, one where they are grateful of each other and admire one another in the first Act, this makes the murder of Duncan even harder and that’s why he chooses to murder Duncan at night. His hand can commit the murder without his eye having to witness it. Somehow this will make the guilt and betrayal less. Macbeth ch anges throughout as his character develops, in comparison to the relationship between Duncan and Macbeth in the film adaptation is to a certain extent, unalike. When asked about a recipe of Duncan’s Macbeth replies with a jealous voice â€Å"yes, that’s mine† the relationship between Duncan and Joe Macbeth is strained. Joe knows he is the reason the restaurant is so successful and it pains him toShow MoreRelatedMacbeth by William Shakespeare1154 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a play written by Shakespeare in the 1603; it is based on themes of ambition, power and authority. Macbeth is a tragic hero who becomes ‘Thane of Cawdor’ and meets three witches that predict he will become a king, which leads him to commit the regicide. Rupert Goold and many other directors have altered and interpreted Macbeth in many ways. In this essay I will compare and contrast the ways in which Lady Macbeth is presented in the original play and Gold’s 2010 film ad aptation. ShakespeareRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth ( Macbeth )1033 Words   |  5 PagesChoose One principal character in the Shakespeare play you have studied (either Macbeth or Lady Macbeth). Compare your reading of the character in the play with the same character in your chosen adaptation (Rupert Goold’s film adaptation of Macbeth). Macbeth is a Greek tragedy written by William Shakespeare based in Scotland in the 13th century. It was written in the reign of King James I. Shakespeare wrote the play Macbeth to please the king as he knew that the king was interested in wizardry and witchcraftRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1416 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s tragic play Macbeth is widely renowned and respected as one of the most influential works in history. Taylah Thirlwall compares Geoffrey Wright’s 2006 film to Roman Polanski’s 1971 film, and scrutinizes the portrayal of Masculinity. Using guns for swords and drugs for poison, the Melbourne’s Underground becomes a frolicking pitch for Wright’s Macbeth. Daggers, illusion and battling provides a framework into the highlighted theme of masculinity. What is masculinity, and theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Directed By Roman Polanski968 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Finch and Francesca Annis star in this 1971 adaptation of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth directed by Roman Polanski. Polanski’s script has brought to live all of the key points of the story, but, he also heightens the violence and shock factor to remind the audience that Macbeth is a dark play with very dark subjects. The movie starts with battle cries as King Duncan’s army fights the enemies and then we see all of the bodies lying on the battlefield. One of the soldiers walks towards a fallenRead MoreMacbeth by Shakespeare and the Cinematic Interpretation by Roman Polanski1556 Words   |  7 PagesMacbeth by Shakespeare and the Cinematic Interpretation by Roman Polanski Macbeth is one of the great plays written by William Shakespeare in the sixteenth century ,over three and a half centuries ago .It is known all over the world and is still very popular even to this very day.It is the basis of many movies and theatrical plays .One film interpretation was made by Roman Polanski in 1971,centuries after it was first performed in Elizabethan sixteenth century England Read MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 Pages------------------------------------------------- Macbeth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about Shakespeare s play. For other uses, see  Macbeth (disambiguation). A poster for a  c.  1884 American production ofMacbeth, starring Thomas W. Keene. Depicted, counter clockwise from top-left, are: Macbeth and Banquo meet the  witches; just after the murder ofDuncan; Banquo s ghost; Macbeth duels Macduff; and Macbeth. Macbeth  is a play written by  William Shakespeare. It is considered

Financial Analysis Of Macy s Inc - 1742 Words

Introduction This report presents the financial analysis of Macy’s Inc. The company’s financial position is gauged using ratio analysis and suggestions on improvements are provided. The ratios will be compared to one of its top competitors Dillard’s. Using 2014 key financial statements such the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow, and key statistics found on yahoo finance. It also analyzes the company’s historical stock prices and will compute the stock average, standard deviation, and beta over a 60 month period and compares it to the market average. It then will transition into reviewing future growth estimates and will use the constant growth model to compute the company’s fundamental value. Also, it will review analyst opinion†¦show more content†¦Bloomingdale’s in Dubai is operated by Al Tayer Group LLC under a license agreement.’ (â€Å"Macy’s, Inc. Macy’s, Inc. Web. 19 Apr. 2016.) Macy’s sa les a variety of merchandises, from men, women, and children clothing and apparel to home furnishings. Rowland Hussey Macy founded the company R.H. MACY CO, on the corner of 14th Street and 6th Avenue in New York City in 1858, as a dry goods store. He adopted the company’s logo as a red star. The red star was a symbol for success in his days of being a sailor. The first year’s sales total were $90,000. Compared to a rough first day sales of a mere $11.60. By 1877, the company had grown to become a fully operation department store. By late1902, the store had exceeded its original storefront and relocated uptown to its current location in Herald Square location on Broadway and 34th Street. In 1942, Macy’s had grown become the worlds largest retailer, occupying more than 1 million square feet of retail space. R.H. MACY CO went public in 1922, while opening new locations in the region and buying out competitors. In 1924, the company employees established the first Christmas parade. The annual parade now is called the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade. Afte r much growth, acquisitions, and a few names changes, the company changed its name to Macy’s in 1995 and

Personal and Criminological Theory Free Essays

The human brain is very unique and it functions in many ways, giving individuals the power to think, speak, plan, and imagine. However, when individuals commit crimes, the criminal justice system and scientist study that behavior to learn the causes of crime. The needs and motivations of individuals who engage in crime differ based on biological origins, psychological, or socially induced. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal and Criminological Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now History has shown that by applying theory it allows researchers to discern why individuals react the way they do to certain conditions. In this paper, I will explain what I believe are the occurrences of crimes and why people commit them. I will also illuminate the variables associated with crime, identify reasons concerning the circumstances and explain techniques used when evaluating the criminal behavior. When situations change it becomes an issue for individuals to adjust. Society categorizes and divided individuals based on race, gender, family, and ultimately the amount of economic resources they have. Society usually divides people into upper class, the middle-class, the working class, and the underclass. The amount of accumulated wealth or property that an individual owns determines the assignment to any class or group. The upper class consists of well to do families that maintain an enormous amount of financial and social resources, but the poor consist of people living in poverty. Depending upon the opportunities available to individuals can affect the individual’s chances in life. Crime occurs and it includes acts such as murder, rape assault, and theft. Individuals commit crime for several reasons, mental disorders, income, education, and economic factors, or a combination of them all. The disproportion of goods for all members of society negates the defined goals and the norms that regulate the means to achieve the American dream. Goals are the valued purposes and interest that America holds as legitimate objectives for all members within its society. When disruption occurs and the social norms and conditions in which those norms no longer control the activity of society members the anomie and strain theory becomes a factor in why individuals commit crime (Williams McShane, 2009, p. 77). The anomie and strain theory suggest that when there is a disjunction between means and goals individuals frustration and sense of injustice result from experiencing socially structured incapacities (Williams McShane, 2009, p. 80). For example, discrimination by social class or racial discrimination in education and employment makes access to institutionalized means of achieving success difficult. I think this is a good theory because of the variables considered to uphold the theory are individuals environment, education, family, peers, structure, media, drugs, and alcohol. The blocked opportunities to maintain social status creates new opportunities for crime. Individuals, who believe that there is an injustice in the conditions to which they are to live within will not respect the norms of society and will conform to a way of self indulgence. If the measurement of success is through material gain, it is only natural for people to pursue the American Dream by trying to accumulate property and economic prosperity. However, unequal access to legitimate economic structures is a source of intense strain, rage, and anger for Americans. Criminal behavior is a response from those whom society has failed to provide legitimate access to achieving that American Dream (Williams McShane, 2009, p. 82). A variety of methods are available to the criminal justice researcher. Each method has strengths and weaknesses. However, in the hypothetical study concerning the unequal access to opportunities to pursue the American Dream, surveying individuals is an appropriate method for collecting data. With quantitative and qualitative studies in the form of questionnaires and interviews as well as field research and historical research this can help in drawing conclusions concerning the disproportionate of opportunities available to society and reasons behind criminal behavior (Kraska Neuman, 2008, p. 2). In conclusion, when individuals commit crimes, the criminal justice system and scientist study that behavior to learn the causes of crime. Society categorizes and divided individuals based on race, gender, family, and ultimately the amount of economic resources they have. The amount of accumulated wealth or property that an individual owns determines the assignment to any class or group. Depending upon the opportunities available to individuals can affect the i ndividual’s chances in life. Individuals commit crime for several reasons, mental disorders, income, education, and economic factors, or a combination of them all. The anomie and strain theory suggest that when there is a disjunction between means and goals individuals frustration and sense of injustice result from experiencing socially structured incapacities (Williams McShane, 2009, p. 80). I think this is a good theory because of the variables considered to uphold the theory are individuals environment, education, family, peers, structure, media, drugs, and alcohol. Individuals, who believe that there is an injustice in the conditions to which they are to live within will not respect the norms of society and will conform to a way of self indulgence. However, unequal access to legitimate economic structures is a source of intense strain, rage, and anger for Americans. With quantitative and qualitative studies this can help in drawing conclusions concerning the disproportionate of opportunities available to the Americans and reasons behind criminal behavior. How to cite Personal and Criminological Theory, Papers

Business Society and Planet Business Enterprises Functions

Question: Describe about the Business Society and Planet for Business Enterprises Functions. Answer: Introduction The objective of the assignment is to focus on the business operations of the two selected companies. The two selected enterprises in the assignment include Kmart from Australia and Wall Mart from India. The assignment is classified into six questions, which will focus on different kinds of business operations of the two selected organizations. The business operations of both the companies are different from each other. The difference is made due to the political difference of the country. The following part of the study will ensure in the process of developing a proper comparing analysis of the two selected retail organizations. 1. The answer to this particular question will describe the background of the two-selected organization in the study, Kmart from Australia and Walmart from India. Both of the organization operates its business in the same business platform, i.e. in the retail industry. The political condition of Australia is better as compared with the political conditions of India. The retail industry is one of the growing as well as one of the booming industry across the world. The retail market structure of Australia falls under the notion of the perfectly competitive market structure, similarly the retail market sector of India falls under the concept of the perfectly competitive market structure (Aaker, 2013). In this particular market structure, the purchasing options for the buyers are diversified, and all the buyers get the maximum option in the purchasing decision. Kmart Australia Limited is an Australian chain of discounted departmental stores, which operates its business in different cities of both Australia and New Zealand. It operates 191 stores in Australia and 18 stores in New Zealand, along with its headquarters located in Mulgrave, Australia (kmart, 2016). On the other hand, Walmart is an American retail organization, which operates its business in the major cities of the world. However, the business operation of Walmart India is highlighted in the study. The total contribution of the worlds retail sector is about 27%, and the retail sector is organizing in a faster and a better manner. Australia is a developed nation and India is a developing country (Armstrong Kotler, 2013). The overall marketing strategies in a developed country will be different towards from the marketing strategy in a developing country (Coombs Holladay, 2012). The concept of the departmental stores believes in two important factors, which includes all less than one roof and convenience for the customers. Walmart India owns and operates 21 best price modern wholesale markets, which offers cash and carry to its clients ("Walmart India", 2016). 2. The answer to this particular question will cover about the social responsibility, which both of the organization follows in the overall business process. Marinating a proper corporate social responsibility is one of the major parts in the firm ethics, which majorities of the organizations irrespective of the nature of the company needs to follow in the overall business operations. With the application of a proper corporate social responsibility, will allow both the organization to be benefited in particular manners. The following part of the study will analyze what are the different kinds of contributions made by the organization in the process of developing a proper concept of corporate social responsibility. As compared with Kmart Australia Limited, Walmart is one of the leading organization operates its business in the retail sector. It is quite similar that the social responsibilities of Walmart will be more as compared to the social responsibilities of Kmart Australia Limited. However, both the organizations operate its business in the same sector. Based on different kinds of reports it is concluded both the firms follows the different mode of the CSR models and practices in the business operations (Coombs Holladay, 2012). The effort of corporate social responsibility of Walmart is very much remarkable in the overall business process. Based on the statistical information of the year 2005, the organization started actively addresses its global impact, which includes the operation of adopting a proper sustainability program (Grewal Levy, 2013). Walmart towards organizing a proper business operation in India have contributed to the process of development of an appropriate CSR program, which includes a contribution process of a green environment. 3. The selected countries in the assignment are Australia and India. The economic conditions of both the countries differ from each other. Australia maintains a healthy Gross Domestic progression in the economy and on the other hand, the Gross Domestic Production of India is low as compared with the gross domestic production of Australia. The mode of business, which this particular organization operates, falls under the same category. However, both the organizations need to develop a proper plan of activities based on the requirements of the demographic conditions of the country. The demographic state of Australia differs from the demographic conditions of India. The study of populations is known as the demographic situation of the country. The demands and wants of Australia will differ from the requirements of India. It is more important to conclude about the standard of living of both the countries. The standard of living is one of the most crucial factors towards deterring the economic activities of the country. Australia is an industrialized country, where the prospect towards organizing a business is sounder as compared with India. Some of the key features of developed country include democratic government policies, free market economy, lack of corruption, most importantly more dependent on manufacturing as well as in industries rather than agriculture and maintains a good pace with the technological advancement (Hood, 2013). On the other hand, developing countries such as India are the third world country, which lacks in underdeveloped industries, lack of modern technology and low-level incomes. To some extent, one of the most common as well as one of the most important factor is the pricing factor, which is common for both the countries. Pricing decision is one of the most crucial factors, which hampers the purchasing decisions of the customers. In the era of globalization, the purchasing options of the buyers are more diversified (Kamothi Pithadia, 2012). Both of the retail organizations maintains as one of the most discounted pricing policies in the overall business process and operations. It is one of the most important factors, which reflects the purchasing decisions of the customers. Walmart India as well as Kmart from Australia develops the most discounted price in the retail sector organization. 4. This part of the study will highlight the application of the social accounting approaches, which this two-retail organization follows in the overall business proceedings. The application of the social accounting approach is the process towards communicating with the social as well as the environmental effects of the companies, which will conclude the economic actions to particular groups of people within the society (Werhane, 2012). Of the selected retail, organization Walmart and Kmart believes in the process of accountability and in the process of the management control, which will focus on the operational process of the managerial decisions. Based on different kinds of reports some of the key factors as well as well as the objectives of the social accounting are highlighted in the following part of the assignment. Effective utilization of resources, helping employees, helping society, helping customers and helping investors of the organizations are the common factors which both the organization believes in the process of developing a proper as well as a strong social accounting (Ortas, Gallegoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Alvarez lvarez Etxeberria, 2015). The overall concept concludes in the process of following three important steps, which includes planning accounting and reporting as well as auditing. Planning is the first steps, which is known as the identification process. The second step is the setting and developing an overall social accounting system. The final step is to collect information based on the requirements. Both of the organizations follow different social accounting approaches. The reason behind is the economical conditions of both the operating counties differs from each other. Based on the requirements of the country the organization has decided to apply the notion of the social responsibility accounting (Edgley, Jones Atkins, 2015). Kmart has decided to use the notion of the classical approach and on the other hand, Walmart has decided to use the notion of the descriptive approach. The applications of both the methods are different from each others. With the application of the classical approach, the organization will be able to focus in profit maximization within the constraints of the existing legal as well as ethical framework (Moatti et al., 2015). On the other hand, the application of the descriptive approach is the simplest as well as the traditional methods of reporting social information. With the use of this method, the social activities of the business organization are pr esented along with the financial statement in the narrative from (Kaur, 2015). 5. The answer to this particular question will conclude the stated value of the companies, which is reflected in the social reports. The report will conclude about the mission and visions of both the companies, business principles and about its business values. The idea of the stated value is assigned to a corporations stock in the overall accounting process. Stated value of any organization is not related to the market value (Shagal, Shagal, Sharma, 2016). The mission and vision as well as business value of the organization is to develop a proper business operation in a cash and carry wholesale format. Based on the latest reports the organization operates 21 best price modern wholesale stores, which offers nearly 5000 items ("Walmart India", 2016). On the other hand, the mission and vision as well as the business principle of Kmart are to organize proper operational activities in the business process, which will provide the customers with the following benefits. One to three day metro delivery and free in store return service to all the customers are the two significant service with this particular Australian retain organization provides to their customers (kmart, 2016). 6. The answer to this particular question will summarize the findings of the two selected organizations. Both the organizations operate its business operations in the retail industries in different countries. All the important points, which will summarize the effectiveness of the retail sector organization, are highlighted in this particular assignment. The main difference, which is reflected in the study, is the economical background of the two-selected country. Australia falls under the categories of developed country and India falls under the category of developing countries. This particular question will reflect the analysis, which is done, based on the group discussions. The group discussion will reflect about the social reports and its contributions made for the societies. In this particular group, discursion different members shared their personal opinion on the overall research process done on these two particular retail organizations about its respective countries. All the factors and elements such as backgrounds of the operating countries and about the operations of the business that includes the notion and practice of CSR, social accounting approaches, issues on the social reports and many more. Conclusion The assignment is classified into five questions, which will focus on the business operations of the two companies. The two-selected organization in the study operates its business proceedings in the retail sector of Australia and India. An research process is organized in a proper manner, which will identify and describe the background of the companies as well as backgrounds of the countries in the required manner. However, the most significant impact, which is reflected in the study, is the description of the social report and the performance issue, which the organizations faced. All the questions are answered based on real facts and findings keeping in mind about the requirements of the organizations in the retail sector industry. Developing a proper business plan, meeting the customer demands, developing a proper pricing policies and techniques are some of the important factors which both the retail organization focus on. Reference List Aaker, D. (2013).Marketing research. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Armstrong, G. Kotler, P. (2013).Marketing. Boston: Prentice Hall. Coombs, W. Holladay, S. (2012).Managing corporate social responsibility. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Edgley, C., Jones, M. J., Atkins, J. (2015). The adoption of the materiality concept in social and environmental reporting assurance: A field study approach.The British Accounting Review,47(1), 1-18. Gond, J. Moon, J. (2012).Corporate social responsibility. London: Routledge. Grewal, D. Levy, M. (2013).Marketing. New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. Hood, D. (2013).The marketing manifesto. London: Kogan Page. Kamothi, M. Pithadia, D. (2012). Managing Alteration for Globalization Competitiveness in Indian business.IJSR,2(8), 287-289. https://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/aug2013/91 Kaur, B. (2015). Impact of E-Commerce on E-Retail.Journal for Studies in Management and Planning,1(1), 81-87. kmart,. (2016).Kmart.com.au. Retrieved 4 September 2016, from https://www.kmart.com.au/ Moatti, V., Ren, C. R., Anand, J., Dussauge, P. (2015). Disentangling the performance effects of efficiency and bargaining power in horizontal growth strategies: An empirical investigation in the global retail industry.Strategic Management Journal,36(5), 745-757. Ortas, E., Gallegoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Alvarez, I., lvarez Etxeberria, I. (2015). Financial factors influencing the quality of corporate social responsibility and environmental management disclosure: A quantile regression approach.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(6), 362-380. Shagal, S., Shagal, G., Sharma, A. (2016). VISUAL MERCHANDISING: A KEY ELEMENT IN RETAIL INDUSTRY.Management,2(2), 115-120. Walmart India. (2016).Wal-martindia.in. Retrieved 4 September 2016, from https://www.wal-martindia.in/ Werhane, P. (2012). Globalization and Its Challenges for Business and Business Ethics in the Twenty-first Century.Business And Society Review,117(3), 383-405. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8594.2012.00410.x

Frank Zappa Essays - Frank Zappa, Lead Guitarists, Captain Beefheart

Frank Zappa Frank Zappa was an American singer, composer, arranger, guitarist, bandleader, and all around musician who was one of the greatest iconoclastic musicians of the 20th Century. He also produced over 60 albums in 30 years. Some considered him to have demonstrated a mastery of pop idioms ranging from jazz to rock of every conceivable variety. As astute an entrepreneur as he was a musician, he was impatient with any division between popular and high art; he combined scatological humor with political wit, required of his players an intimidating skill, and displayed consistent innovation in instrumental and studio technology. "I knew there was a big thing here that was unique, because the beat matched the great rhythm of the human body." (Frank Zappa, The New Rock; p.1) He was born in 1940 in Baltimore where his Sicilian-born, Greek-Arab meteorologist father was employed by an arsenal that manufactured poison gas during World War II. The eldest of four children of a guitar-playing government scientist, Frank Zappa moved with his family at age ten to California. At the age of twelve Zappa became interested in drums, learning orchestral percussion. By 1956 he was playing drums in a local R&B band called the Ramblers. "I was extremely suspect of any rock music played by white people. The sincerity and emotional intensity of their performances, when they sang about boyfriends and girlfriends and breaking up, etc., was nowhere when I compared it to my high school Negro R&B heroes like Johnny Otis, Howlin' Wolf and Willie Mae Thornton." (Frank Zappa, The New Rock; p.1). Early exposure to a record of Ionisation by avant garde classical composer Edgard Varese instilled an interest in advanced rhythmic experimentation, which lead to the fascination of the electric guitar. "Enlightenment is , to a certain extent, attributable to the evolution of rock and vice versa." (Frank Zappa, The New Rock; p.1). In 1963 Mr. Zappa wrote a score for a Western called Run Home Slow and with the money built a studio in Cucamonga, California. But along with success come some misfortune in which Zappa was charged for conspiracy to commit pornography by the San Bernardino Vice Squad after an undercover policeman requested some sex"party" tapes. Zappa delivered tapes of faked grunting, and served ten days of a six-month jail sentence. In 1964, Zappa joined a local R&B outfit, the Soul Giants and started writing songs for them. Eager to gain a heavier image Flo and Eddie joined up with Zappa for the film 200 Motels. But once again misfortune struck Zappa. On December 4,1971 there was a fire that destroyed the bands equipment and a crazy accident in which Zappa was pushed off-stage at London's Rainbow theatre. He crushed his larynx (lowering his voice a third), and damaged his spine, which kept him wheelchair-bound for the best part of a year. Apostrophe (?) showcased Zappa's talents as a story - teller in the Lord Buckley tradition. I reached number 10 in the Billboard chart in June 1974. In 1975 Captain Beefheart joined Zappa for a tour, Zappa overdubbing most of the instruments himself. He was experimenting with what he termed"xenochronicity" (combining unrelated tracks to create a piece of non-synchronous music) and produced intriguing results on ?Friendly Little Finger'. "Through rock music, the audience is being exposed to an assortment of advanced musical and electronic techniques that five years ago might have sent them screaming into the street." (Frank Zappa, The New Rock; p.3). In 1976, Zappa filed a lawsuit against Herb Cohen, which in 1977 severed ties with Warner Bros., moving to Mercury two years later. There he set up Zappa Records and retired the Mothers name, calling all later groups Zappa. In 1980 Zappa recorded a single, "I Don't Wanna Get Drafted," which Mercury refused to release, prompting him to leave the label and eventually establish his own Barking Pumpkin Label. In 1981 Zappa released his first Barking Pumpkin album, and that year, some ex-Mothers, including Jimmy Carl Black, Don Preston, and Bunk Gardner, united to form the Grandmothers. "They did everything they could to make sure their audience was moved erotically." (Frank Zappa, The New Rock; p.2). In 1984 he was quite outrageously prolific: he unearthed the an 18th century composer named Francesco Zappa and recorded his work on a synclavier. Two releases, Shut Up ?N Play Yer Guitar and Guitar, proved that Zappa's guitar playing was unique; Jazz From Hell presented wordless compositions for synclavier that drew inspiration from Conlon Nancarrow; Thing-Fish was a ?Broadway musical' about AIDS, homophobia and racism. In November of

A Man For All Seaons Essays - English People, British People, Film

A Man For All Seaons Essays - English People, British People, Film A Man For All Seaons A Man For All Seasons (A man Cannot Serve Two Masters) Neither Thomas More or the Common Man are able to serve two masters In the play A Man for All Seasons by Roger Bolt, The Spanish Ambassador Chapuys says to Steward, a role played by the common man, No man can serve two masters(Bolt, 24). Within the play this statement is proven true for all the characters, especially for The Common Man and Sir Thomas More. The Common Man, shows himself time and again that he truly serves one master and that master is himself; whereas with More attempts to serve two masters. More attempt to serve King Henry of England, and God. By the end of the play it is shown that More cannot serve two masters despite all his efforts. It is apparent within the play that the Common Man is serving himself as his only master and no one else. In the play it may seem that he is not a self-serving character due to the fact that he obeys what people tell him to do, for instance in his conversations with Cromwell, and Chapuys, they ask him for knowledge about his master, Sir Thomas More. Firstly Cromwell asks him information concerning More's attitude towards the King's divorce of his wife the Queen. The Common Man replies, Sir, Sir Thomas doesn't talk about itHe doesn't talk about it to his wife, sirSir, he goes white when it's mentioned! Cromwell (hands coin): All Right.(Bolt, 23.). Later with his conversation with Chapuys he is asked about More's spirituality, Sir Thomas rises at six, sir, and prays for an hour and a halfDuring lent, sir he lived entirely on bread and waterHe goes to twice a week, sir. Parish Priest. Dominican(Bolt, 24). Chapuys then replies to the Common Man, Good, simple man. Here. (Gives coin. Going )(Bolt, 24). As you can see he does what he wants for himself and no other especially divulging information for money. The Common Man also only holds loyalty unto himself and no other. At the first sign his needs will no longer be met to his satisfaction he leaves. For when More loses his job and no longer has an income, the Common Man collects his belongings and leaves, Now, damn me isn't that them all overI nearly fell for it'Matthew, will you kindly take a cut in your wages?' 'No, Sir Thomas I will not.'(Bolt, 57). The Common Man is a very sly person, and holds nothing back when it comes to him and a job. This is evident as he acquires a position with Richard Rich, another very self- serving person by easily manipulating him. Richard Rich had no inclination to hire the Common Man; he was manipulated so well that the Common Man gets a job, Oh. Oh, I must contradict you there, sir; that's your imagination. In those days, sir, you still had your way to make. And a gentleman in that position often imagines these things. Then when he's risen to his proper level, sir, he stops thinking about itWell - I don't think you find people 'disrespectful' nowadays, do you sir?(Bolt, 61-62). Now, Sir Thomas More, through out the play tries to balance his life between God and King. More as he obeys God and King prays for his King, Dear Lord give us rest tonight, or if we must be wakeful, cheerful. Careful only for our soul's salvation. For Christ sake. Amen. And bless our lord the King.(Bolt, 8). To continue his service for both God and King, More is willing to sacrifice everything if it will allow him to serve both; There is my right arm. (A practical position.) Take your dagger and saw it from my shoulder, and I will laugh and be thankful, if by that means I can come with Your Grace with a clear conscience.(Bolt, 31). For in the play More is forced with a choice, to either continue in his service to King Henry and go against the Catholic Church or quite his job and continue in his service to the King, If the Bishops in Convocation submitted this morning, I'll take it offIt's no degradation.(Bolt, 48). In the play the Act of Supremacy

Media Creates Political and Ideological Controversies Essay

Media Creates Political and Ideological Controversies - Essay Example Audiences are seen to be susceptible to any message or information that is presented by the media. As per Lowery and DeFleur’s theory media has an immense impact on its viewers. This theory endorses great power and influence on the media. Although later research disproved this theory, it was evident through the findings (Hyman & Sheatsley 1947) that audiences were not brainless recipients of information and formed their own opinions of media’s projections of news and events. But fact remains that even though media coverage may not be able to completely form a public’s opinion on just one front, it is responsible for how they view the world. This is where the agenda-setting theory of mass communication comes in. while the media may not be able to tell us exactly how we should think, it does specify what we should think about. â€Å"The agenda-setting theory was originally developed to explain the influence of the mass media in determining which political issues become important in elections. Adroit committee members and politicians claim that if you can control the agenda you can control the meeting.† (Sutherland & Sylvester 2000). Basically, the most crucial function of media is to act as a gateway between the public and the government. It’s the media who provide information regarding political matters and matters regarding policy and governance. Newspapers aim to cover politics and issues related to politics follow the guidelines that journalists must remain â€Å"politically correct† and neutral and â€Å"present† covering all sides of the argument (Sloan & Mackay 2007) Research has shown that most media slant is focused on coverage related to political and election campaigns, where media needs to influence the general public. But very few researches have been done to check why the media slant is involved in such  specific issues such as â€Å"immigration† and why is it covered by â€Å"negatively† slanted media coverage.

Why I Stopped Being a Vegetarian-Analysis Essay

Why I Stopped Being a Vegetarian-Analysis - Essay Example The first group is American meat lovers while the second group is the average Americans, especially individuals who are vegetarians or those considering to join the band wagon. This discourse will discuss the effectiveness of Fraser’s reasons for stopping being a vegetarian. Many people have been pondering with the dilemma as to whether to be a vegetarian or not presently. This follows the health risks associated with eating red meats. Pozzi argues that most killer diseases that people suffer from today, such as cancer; obesity and diabetes are as a result of unhealthy eating habit of the present generation (par. 3). As such, many people are considering leaving stopping eating red meat such as hamburger, for vegetables. Even though this is the reality in the present world, Fraser thinks otherwise. In her case, she feels that it is right for her to stop being a vegetarian. As earlier stated, Fraser gives several reasons why she opted to stop eating vegetables. Based on her cali ber and reputation, her arguments for making such a decision can be trusted. Logos Fraser begins by stating that she has had 15 years of experience as a vegetarian. As such, all her claims are based on solid experience. In her captivating essay, Fraser tell us that being vegetarian brought embarrassments in her life since it made her overburden her cooks with having to make her special meals all the time (Fraser 1). The fact that her cooks had to prepare for her a special meal different from that prepared for the rest of the family made her feel that she was overworking cooks. In addition, being a vegetarian made her feel that she was avoiding her friends since she could not socialize well with her friends, which was awkward in her view. Fraser states, â€Å"As a vegetarian, not only...Many people have been pondering with the dilemma as to whether to be a vegetarian or not presently. This follows the health risks associated with eating red meats. Laura Fraser’s article â€Å"Why I Stopped Being a Vegetarian,† is a captivating assay in which she describes her 15 years of personal experience as a vegetarian . Many people have been pondering with the dilemma as to whether to be a vegetarian or not presently. This follows the health risks associated with eating red meats. Pozzi argues that most killer diseases that people suffer from today, such as cancer; obesity and diabetes are as a result of unhealthy eating habit of the present generation. As such, many people are considering leaving stopping eating red meat such as hamburger, for vegetables. Even though this is the reality in the present world, Fraser thinks otherwise. In her case, she feels that it is right for her to stop being a vegetarian. As earlier stated, Fraser gives several reasons why she opted to stop eating vegetables. Based on her caliber and reputation, her arguments for making such a decision can be trusted. Health experts advise people to find time to socialize with others since it is good for health. Fraser tells us that she did not become a vegetarian out of choice but because of pressure from the society. In conclusion, since Fraser talks out of experience of being a vegetarian for 15 years, vegetarians and those who intend to become vegetarians, as well as meat lovers should take her advises and reasons for stopping being a vegetarian seriously for the future health of American society.

Nataional Competetiveness Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nataional Competetiveness - Term Paper Example The four factors are, factor endowments, domestic demand condition, related and supporting industries and structure, strategy and rivalry among firms (Hills and Jones 248). Figure 1: Diamonds Theory (Source: Peng 135) According to Porter, the above four factors constitute the diamond which is referred to as a jointly reinforcing scheme and therefore the competitive advantage of the firm depends on the favorability of the diamond for the specific industry in which the firm belongs (Misra and Yadav 83). The paper talks about the automobile industry in America and is analyzed with the help of Porter's â€Å"National Competitiveness Model† or the Diamond Theory. American Automobile Industry Factor Conditions/Endowment As stated in Porters Diamond Model, factors refer to the types of resources which are necessary for the industry and they are physical resources, human resources, capital resources, knowledge resources and other infrastructure. The nation tends to gain advantage wher e the factors are accepted and well mixed. The factor condition is further divided into two, natural and advanced factors (Walker 178). The automobile industry includes those companies which are involved in marketing, production and also maintenance of automobiles. As per the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the automobile sector had employed about 700,000 workers in 2011. The labor dynamics affects the employment level in industries such as plastics and steel manufacturing. The American automobile industry has been experiencing upward pressure with respect to wages and a downward pressure on benefits and is competing with other strong economies for skilled labors. In the recent global financial turmoil which has also affected US, the automobile sector is unlikely to support comfortable living for the working class affecting the industry’s ability to attract skilled workers, thus having negative impact on the competitive advantage (Basu, â€Å"What Factors Affect the Labor Sup ply and Demand for the Automobile Industry?†). However in the 20th century, the American automotive industry had maintained prominence in the domestic economy. The American auto industry had sprouted from Henry Ford and currently in its blooming stage. But the issue with workers remained the same (Wall 8). Domestic Demand Condition The home demand condition plays an important role in national competition as it tends to gain competitive advantage only if the demand from the domestic customers forces the industry to carry out innovation, lead the global market and gain profit. The US is in the process of recovery and the automobile sector has been contributing to a large extent. In 2012, the annual sales for automobiles along with light truck amounted to 14.8% higher compared to previous years (Spross, â€Å"The Comeback of the U.S. Auto Industry†). America is a developed country with growing population which means that the industries are developed and has entered the mat ured stage. Retail sales in the US are boosted by demand from automobiles along with gasoline prices restricting the customers to spend on other goods. Some of the major automobile makers reported that the sales of cars increased 19.9%

Science And Its Limitations

Science And Its Limitations Nowadays every person in the world knows and understands the tremendous progress that science has done and still is doing for our life. This essay is about the limitations of science as science does not provide answer to most of the questions this seems to be that science is limited. This essay is also about when science is beyond the limits then it provides danger and threat to the world. As Science has made our life comfortable and easier but has also bad effect on our life. The scientific inventions which are developed due to science help us in almost every aspects of life when the scientists works within limitations keeping regards of social responsibilities and human moral values. But when the scientists do not care of their social responsibilities and human moral values then these scientific inventions provides threat and danger to human life. In this essay we will discuss both sides of science that is its positive effects as well as its negative effects on our daily life. Introduction: If we want to know that what science is, it will be a good start to familiar with the common content of the concept. Today most of the activities are characterized as science, while some of the other activities are characterized as pseudoscience. It will be good for one who has to clear himself what he actually means via the words that he using [1]. Science covers a vast area of knowledge dealing with experimental facts and the link between these facts. The word science is derived from Latin word scientia means knowledge. Imre Lakatos defined science as a genuine knowledge [2]. The most modern definition of science according to late Sir Richard Gregory is Organized and formulated knowledge of natural objects and phenomena derived from verifiable observations and experiments [3]. So the knowledge gained from these observations is used for the creation of new scientific inventions. Some of these scientific inventions provide benefits to us while some of these provide us threat and danger. As we know that the process of producing knowledge is called science. This process depends on observations and the invention of theories that make sense out of these observations. Since the change in knowledge is expected that is new observations may confront existing theories. That is it does not matter how a theory explains one set of observations, it may be possible that the other theory is the more suitable. In science either a theory is old or new, testing, improving and occasional removing of theories goes on every time. In science the ideas are modified normally rather than rejection. For example, In formulating the theory of relativity, Albert Einstein did not discard the Newtonian laws of motion but rather showed them to be only an approximation of limited application within a more general concept[4, 13]. Science considers the universe as a standalone system and assumes that the fundamental rules are the same everywhere and the knowledge that is achieved after studying one part of the universe is valid to all parts of the universe. For example the laws of motion and laws of gravitation that gives explanations of objects that fall down on surface of the earth and also give details about the motion of the planets and the moon. After a couple of year some modifications has being made and the same laws of motion have applied to everything that has motion even to the smallest nuclear particles and to the very big stars, and to bullets and rays of light [4, 2]. In scientific reasoning, theories are confronted with facts; and one of the central conditions of scientific reasoning is that theories must be supported by facts [2]. Now to explain that how these facts support theory, different answers have given by the scientists. Newton proved his own laws with the support of facts. He published only the theories that are proved from facts [2]. Science brings to our mind various different images, a heavy text book, white coats and microscope. An astronomer observes via a telescope, the Einstein equations scrubbed on a black board and the launching of space shuttle, bubbling beakers. Some aspects of science are reflected from these images, but however none of them provides the full image because science has many facets [5]. In school science is just a collection of isolated facts that are available in the text books but this is not the complete story that is because science is a method of discovery and allows us to understand the world from these isolated facts [5]. Science is a method of discovering that what things are present in the world, how these things worked in the past, how they are working today and how these things will be working in the future. Scientist works hardly to discover such things that no one has discover before [5]. The knowledge gained from science is reliable and powerful. The knowledge developed from science help us in the invention of new technologies thats makes our life easier and comfortable like treating danger diseases, and also solve many other problems. Science is constantly exploring the knowledge of the universe and this knowledge generates more new questions in our mind [5]. The role of Science in our daily life: Science has a great effect on our life and in the world in which we are living. Today science is the base for modern technology, materials, the tools, techniques and much of the power sources that make our life more comfortable and easier [12]. Science has given rise to far-reaching changes in all areas of our daily lives. Now everyone can afford to gain the benefits of luxury and comfort offered by science. Science has made goods cheaper and easily available and has brought within reach of every individual. It is only possible due to science that music devices, entertainment devices and communications devices are available at our doors. No doubt the mans life is very different than it used to be a few years ago. Indeed, science has given ears to deaf people and eyes to the blind people [6]. Our life has been changed by science and technology in a dramatic way. Computer, airplanes, automobiles, televisions, communication satellites are few of the technological and scientific invention that changed our life. Today we communicate with relatives and friends, some important people and also for general work. Most of the people living at long distances are contacted and this long distance has been captured by science. So this communication and travelling are possible in very short time. That is for communication we are using telephones, mobiles, internet, e-mails etc, and for rapid travelling we have aero planes. The deep and long water are also conquered by ships and these ships are perfect for secure journey [12]. Health is wealth. This is made possible with modern machinery. Science has invented ways to peep inside the human body to fight against diseases in human beings by X-ray machines. Diseases can be easily detected and various tests carried out in a matter of seconds. Due to science machines are invented and more complex operations are possible due to these machines. Life does not turn into new horizons and heights of prosperity when atomic energy is used entirely for peaceful purposes [6]. One major contribution of science for us is electricity. If there is no electricity in our daily life then we must face completely darkness at the night time. Without electricity no industry could function properly. It is due to electrical energy we can control the climate changes and their effects. We prevent our self from cold in winter by the help of heating gadgets and in summer prevent our self from heating by the help of coolers, fans and air conditioners all these devices operate due to electricity. Today one can enjoy in cinema to release the tension of the daily life this is due to electricity [6]. Now almost every house has a television and radio which are fastest source of communication that is due to science. Science made our daily life more smooth and comfortable. The modern world would become idle without scientific inventions. As we know that the world our facing shortage of spaces so scientific inventions helps us in the construction of high buildings that are use for residential and commercial purposes. The lifts are using in these buildings that made our life easier because we can go to the highest building in just few seconds [6]. The house hold wife can cook several dishes at the same time that is due to electric machines used in the kitchen. Thus she saves her precious time and is capable to spend her time in many activities concern with family life. Similarly due to automatic machines she can wash the clothes in just few minutes and also dry it in few minutes [6]. So looking at the above advantages of science, science are playing important role in our daily life. Science does not give answers to most of the questions: Science is a best tool for solving the mysteries of the universe, but there are some questions for which the science does not answer. This is because science has some limitations. Some of the questions for which science has not a testable answer, since we know that testability is the major point of science so these questions drops out from the area of science [7]. Some of these limitations are Science has no answer for questions of morality that is it cannot decide the right or wrong decision, good and bad decision lies outside the purpose of science. Therefore scientific experts cannot help us to resolve the problem over abortion. The answer to these questions of morality can be determined by social and cultural rules. Science cannot help us here [7]. Science has no answer for questions about value. In scientific process there is no answer to the questions. Which of the flower is more beautiful? Or which flower has good smell? So there is no scientific process to determine value [7]. Science does not help questions related to supernatural. The prefix super means above. Thus supernatural deals with beyond the nature, supernatural questions are beyond the reach of scientists [7]. Science does not deal with metaphysical issues; there are some issues in which cannot be proved by scientific experiments. As we know about the existence of gravity and the effects of the gravity can be describe but no one knows why this gravity works [8]. Science can tell us about the laws of physics but cannot explain why these laws existed [8]. Science cannot explain us that why the universe is existed and lastly science cannot explain that whether God is exists or not exists [8]. However these limitations of science cannot be modified by the advancements of science in future because they are basic to its nature so in the future we can expect major advancements of science [8]. Dangers of Science when science crosses the limits: As we know that today world is called the age of scientific inventions, a lot of scientific inventions have been developed and the process of making these scientific inventions is still continued. Since the scientists are working hardly to develop more new inventions in the field of science and to make our life easier and comfortable. But no one can think about the dangers of these scientific inventions that are related with these inventions. As science has brought happiness to our life but has also brought threats and costs to our life. Most of the questions that generates in our mind are that, Can we know about the future of science? Are there any limitations of science? Who and what decide how science is used? [10]. There are various dangers effects of the scientific inventions for example the invention of an atomic bomb. Millions of peoples were killed by the first attack of atomic bomb when two popular cities of Japan were destroyed in the 2nd world war. Peoples of these cities are still suffering from the dangerous effects of these atomic bombs radiations. Mass destruction is another danger effect of science and many countries have still these chemical and atomic weapons. These are the big dangers because these countries are ready and can use these weapons anytime [9, 6]. Global warming is another dangerous effect and most of the people are unaware from it. The earth has a shielding cover called the ozone layer which protects the danger ultraviolet radiation produced from the sun. That is as the numbers of vehicles increases in the world the consumption of petroleum products is also increased and in the atmosphere large number of waste products are released. This is the main cause of global warming. As we know that some gases are released by refrigerator and air conditioner that create holes in the ozone layer. Change in the climate is the direct effect of global warming and in Antarctic region the melting of ice that increase the sea level is the indirect effect of global warming. Our future generation will be badly affected by the consequences of this global warming [9]. Many controversies have been created by the research on the embryonic stem cells. Most of people understand that embryonic stem cells like a form of human life. These people consider that science has no name for human morality. Today there is a great debate on cloning which is another scientific invention. Due to cloning it is possible to make human beings that have same characteristics to the giver of the stem cells. But this cloning process is challenge the fundamental human morality [9]. Today we are living comfortably due to scientific inventions. Similarly we cannot think life without telephone, electricity, cars, computer, televisions and thousands of many other scientific inventions thus we cannot deny the benefits of scientific inventions. We live longer that is due to the latest research done in the field of medical sciences. As we know that there are a lot of benefits of scientific inventions but we cannot ignore the danger related with these scientific inventions. This is a human nature to seek immediate solutions to problems without the awareness of concealed consequences. That is we cannot think about the danger bees inside the honeycomb we also see the honey on the outer surface of the honeycomb. This is same with scientific inventions we want refrigerators and cars but we do not think about the global warming as this is a great cause for global warming. We only wants nuclear energy and do not think about the dangerous results and the safe disposable of nu clear wastes. We do not think about the loss of natural resources we just want wooden furniture, paper and houses [9]. So it is the responsibility of the scientists to create scientific inventions they should be aware about their consequences. Scientists should warn up about the dangers in the future that are arises due to their inventions [11]. No doubt science has made our life easier but still the danger and bad effects of science cannot be ignored. We use nuclear energy for power purposes it is due to the successful research of nuclear scientists but the dangers associated with these nuclear power stations are very danger for the humanity and cannot be ignored. Because in just few seconds it will destroy our beautiful world in which we are living. Now to protect our world from these scientific inventions there should be some limitations? It is possible when we can look at the scientists and observe them when they are doing research. The government should play their role to stop the scientists that are doing such research and developing scientific invention that provides disasters to the world. That is to make restrictions on them to not develop such inventions and observe their work every time. Conclusions: I agreed that scientific inventions provide us a lot of benefits. We are taking benefits from these scientific inventions and enjoying our self but we should also have look on the future effect of these inventions. My opinion is that if we look on long term of these scientific inventions most of them are dangerous for us. Most of the scientific inventions needs electricity to provides entertainment to us and also make our life easier. But we do not think for our next generation because for producing electricity we are depending on natural resources and we are fully utilizing these natural resources so what be remained for our next generation. If scientists work within limits that is to make such inventions that do not provide harm and bad effects to human life and utilize the natural resources up to some limits then science will be more effective. However if scientist do not think about the future of the next generation and cross their limitations that is to develop such scientific i nventions that provide harm to humanity then there will be disaster everywhere in the world. Since it is the social and ethical responsibility of all the scientists to make such scientific inventions that only provide benefits to the humanity and that they are being aware of the consequences and results associated with these scientific inventions.

bell hooks and gangsta rap Essay examples -- Snoop Dogg sexism misogy

In reading bell hooks’ opinion about sexism and misogyny I had to admit to myself that I had no idea what she meant by sexism and misogyny. So, to accurately know what she was referring to, I looked them up on the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. For the word sexism, I found there were two meanings that support hooks’ ideas: 1: prejudice or discrimination based on sex; especially: discrimination against women and 2: behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex. The word misogyny, according to Merriam-Webster, is: a hatred of women. With these definitions, I feel that both words with their meanings truly expose what bell hooks is telling us what Americans, and it seems she talks about the black male Americans, think of the black female culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In ‘Gangsta Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ bell hooks tells us that the ‘patriarchal ways of thinking†¦are glorified in gangsta rap’ (116) and I think she’s right. Although I do not think she is right in all that she says in this narrative. She also says that ‘young black males are forced to take the heat for encouraging via their music the hatred of and violence against women†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (116), and this I do not believe it completely true. She believes that the black men of America have taken themselves to a new degree in order to make themselves ‘higher’ than black women – she believes that the black men should be equal to the black women and that the men should believe that as well. She talks about Calvin Broadus a.k.a. Snoop Doggy Dog (which he later changed to the current title ‘Snoop Dogg’) and his album Doggystyle. She tells us that the cover is degrading toward black women, which it is, but n ot just to black women, to all women. bell hooks shows us that black male sexism is real and it is in America’s music. She is correct, but it is not just against the white people of America. Snoop Dogg’s album is degrading toward the girl whose butt’s out of the doghouse, but it was her choice for one; and for two, it’s not just black women he’s degrading on the cover. hooks is just placing blame on Snoop’s cover, but she doesn’t say much about his music, this is where the music of the gangsta culture comes to play. In 1993, Snoop ‘Doggy’ Dogg put out an album entitled Doggystyle, and its front portrait is describing a form of male dominance toward the woman society and one of the dog’s is say... ... doesn’t? Dr. Dre, Eminem, Fifty Cent†¦all at some point have referred to women as objects instead of WOMEN, but why single out just Snoop Dogg? Has he done something even worse than Eminem calling his own mother a whore? It’s just the music, they are just notes on a page and words from mouths. I feel bell hooks needs to do more digging because Eminem speaks worse of women than Snoop Dogg does, even though Snoop has the pictures and Eminem just has words. bell hooks closes her essay by saying, â€Å"If black men are betraying us through acts of male violence, we save ourselves and the race by resisting.† (123) I believe in what she is saying, but she is one sided. Maybe she is just saying that we, as women, would rather be called just ‘girls’, ‘women’ or even ‘chicka’, but that is every woman, not just the black women. But, did she even think about the girls (black and white) that like to be paraded around like giraffes at a circus? Did she realize that she is just one person, as am I, and she can’t change the world she lived in? The world is cruel and evil and some of the men in it are just as nasty and immoral, but it’s our choice whether to live in the world†¦or in the circus.

Advertising Cannot Make Worse Appear the Better but Worsn!

(Pop culture) The philsopher Geroge Santayana wrote ‘Advertising is the modern substitue for argument; its function is to make the worse appear the better. ’ I disagree with it. Advertising is a multi-billion-dollar-a-year industry and advertisements are found everywhere today-in newspapers, online, on billboards, in magazines and even in school newsletters. They appear on the back of recepits, on taxis and on buses, and in MTR stations. The purpose of advertisements is to promote the prodeucts or services they showcase.Then the advertisers will use different strategies and selling points such as slogans, work through suggestion and exaggeration to attract viewers. Therefore, advertising nowadays is quite a debatable topic because there are many pros and cons. However, it is really make the worse appear the better? No, it isn’t. Advertising has distorted customers view towards a product or service. For example, some beauty products are exaggerated through advertis ing when in fact they don’t really work.Some slimming products and services have the same problem too. The slimming models appear super fit when they are actually not in person. The advertising company may make use of the computer technologies to adjust the fatness that shown on the advertisements. Besides, this slimming products may even result some side effects such as thirsty, a rapid heartbeat, slower metabolism, poor spirit and easy to get sick. As a result, its function is not make the worse appear the better but in fact the advertised products or services may hurt you.Apart from this, advertising makes the better appear the better on the surface only but not inner. Many skin-care products like face mask and moisturizing cream advertising attract women to buy them. Although they may have a more beautiful appearance after using these products, they have litter inner beauty. For instance, a lady has a beautiful appearance like a fairy. However, she has a vicious heart and fired by her bosses in many times. Therefore, it is why we say that ‘do not judge a people by externals’ because this people are shallow and ugly.In this century, it is not all strange to see fashionable celebrities in advertisements presenting how cool and glamorous it is. Such brainwashing effect will certainly encourage teens to follow suit. Actually, the original idea of fashion is good because it encouages innovation and the youngers have more choices and becomes more charming. However, with the enormous quantity of advertisements of new products, the young are just fashion seekers.They will try every means to buy whatever new products advertised on television they think are in the fashion, such as new types of mobile phones, clothes of a new style,ect. , discarding with no hesitation the ones in service although these are not old and work perfectly. Moreover, they don’t care the prices at all and sqandering like a billionarie. Then they may overburden with debts when they have credit abuse. In conclusion, it seems that advertising cannot make worse appear the better but worsn!

PBS -- Positive Behavior Support

PBS Positive Behavior Support PBS stands for Positive Behavior Support, which seeks to support and reinforce appropriate behavior in school and eliminate negative, problem behaviors. Focusing on reinforcing and teaching the behaviors that lead to learning and school success, PBS has proven to be significantly better than the old methods of punish and suspend. Using Positive Behavior Support There are a number of successful strategies for supporting positive behavior.  Among them are color behavior charts (as in the illustration,) color wheels, token economies and other means of reinforcing good behavior. Still, the other important components of a successful positive behavior plan include routines, rules, and clear expectations.  Those expectations should be posted in the halls, on classroom walls and all the places students will see them.   Positive Behavior Support can be class-wide or school-wide. Of course, teachers will write behavior plans in collaboration with behavior specialists or psychologists that will support individual students, called BIPs (Behavior Intervention Plans) but a class-wide system will put everyone in the class on the same path. Positive Behavior Support plans can be adapted to support students with disabilities.  By making modifications to the plans, and using the reinforcers designed for the whole school, or the strategy (color chart, etc.) to describe the behaviors and the consequences (i.e. Quiet hands when the clip goes to red.  No calling out when the clip goes to red, etc.)   Many schools have school-wide positive behavior support plans.  Usually, the school has a single set of cues and prompts for certain behaviors, clarity about school rules and the consequences, and means to win prizes or special privileges.  Often, the behavior support plan includes ways that students can win points or school bucks for positive behavior which they can use toward prizes donated by local businesses. Also Known As: Positive Behavior Plans Examples: Miss Johnson started a Positive Behavior Support plan for her classroom. Students receive raffle tickets when they are caught being good. Each Friday she pills a ticket from a box, and the student whose name is called gets to pick a prize from her treasure chest.

Feminism in Latin America Essays

Feminism in Latin America Essays Feminism in Latin America Essay Feminism in Latin America Essay Though seemed unfair, these are the standard to measure and govern the system of honor in the society with emphasis on womens reproductive side and authentication of paternity. This double standard was further used to prescribe what is right and wrong on the womens side which if broken might inflict terrible consequences which bring about family disgrace, communal contempt and even banishment from the society. If the women are from the elite or ruling class, their loss of honor as a result of loss of virginity or out-of-wedlock pregnancy have to be redeemed either by eventual marriage or by the concealment of sexual activity and pregnancy so that such activities never became public knowledge and therefore never threatened honor. During the colonial period, women were not only socially discriminated in their status and roles but they also underwent a more tangible means of intimidation. In one of the Spanish America colony of New Granada, women often suffered from verbal and physical abuse, even death in the hand of their spouse. Uribe-uran (2001:43) in his article Colonial Baracunatanas and Their Nasty Men: Spousal Homicides and the Law in Late Colonial New Granada wrote that such physical assault towards women was considered natural among the lower classes and state officials centuries ago. In some part of the world this practice was even considered as the husbands right as a punishment for the wifes misbehavior. : However, their movement still acknowledges the role of women as responsible for bearing the children and caring for the home as opposed to their more radical North American counterpart. References Nye, Robert A. Masculinity and Male Codes of Honor in Modern France. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 13 Johnson, Lyman L. and Sonya Lipsett-Rivera. The Faces of Honor: Sex, Shame, and Violence in Colonial Latin America. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. , 1998), 4

Homelessness and Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Homelessness and Health Care - Essay Example The burden imposed by substance abuse and mental illness are well recorded in homeless people. In addition, chronic diseases are common as many homeless persons have peripheral vascular disease, diabetes, renal disease, hypertension, liver disease, and respiratory problems. Skin diseases are also not left out and are extraordinarily frequent leading to costly hospitalization due to cellulitis. Frostbites and hypothermia are feared life hazards in the streets and have been implied as risk factors for the premature demise. Other conditions, such as lice infestations, pellagra, and diphtheria may ultimately lead to endocarditis from the toxins produced by Bartonella Quintana (Badiaga et al., 2008). The persons caring for this cohort of individuals must marry medicine with aspects of public health since HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis are endemic, communicable diseases outbreaks such as influenza, violence and trauma are somewhat implied in homeless people and infestations common in shelter. C heung and Hwang (2004) investigated on elevated mortality rates in the United States, England, Denmark, and Canada. A peculiar and disturbing observation made was the apparent absence of notable inputs of health insurance on the predisposition of premature mortality. Incredibly, in the US, there remains 40 million plus citizens without a coverage of health insurance. The rest of the countries had had for a long time universal health insurance. Even with the necessity for a universal coverage, the initiative appears to fall short in preventing early deaths in the homeless population (Cheung & Hwang, 2004). Fundamental improvement in health care delivery is crucial to address the existing health care disparities for such population at risk. The health care of homeless families and individuals poses a distressing challenge to our traditional models of health care delivery. The undying urgency of striving daily for warm meals and safe shelter relegates health care to a less-immediate pr iority (Wright & Tompkins, 2006). Injuries fester and common illnesses progress resulting to increased cases of emergency unit visit and acute care hospitalization. Treatment plans that are sensible to those with family and home support are often inapplicable to difficult, impossible to have bed rest, he homeless people; simple changes of dressing, hard to secure medication and properly store them and adherence to therapy especially those that require multiple daily administrations is flattering.

Describe the key stages of budgetary process, (b) Critically evaluate, Essay

Describe the key stages of budgetary process, (b) Critically evaluate, referring to the research findings the social significance of budgeting in modern organisations - Essay Example Budgeting process can be done for several reasons in an organization like planning, communication, coordination, motivation, performance evaluation and controlling process. Budgets can be of various types like short term budgets which are done for a month, a quarter or for a year. Operational control budgets are mainly done for a specific operation and the duration of this type of budget is a week or maximum a month. The most long term budget is known as capital budget which is done by the company for a period of more than one year and it can be extended to ten years and it determines that whether a company should proceed for a long term investment or not . Budgets can also be differentiated as sales budget which estimates the amount of future sales revenue and create a target for sales, production budget which estimates the number of output that should be produced to meet they sales target. Marketing budgets help to estimate the amount which is necessary for advertising and promotio nal activities to place the product in the market (Collier, 2002, pp. 207-208). Budgets are mainly based on the standard costing method for a certain level of production and sales. It should be prepared by an experienced accountant. A budget should describe the objective of the budget and the steps that are involved in the process of budget. There are several steps involved in the budgeting process which area s follows- Communication about the guidelines and policies with those people who making the budget is very important because e many decisions that may affect the budget year have been considered previously in the long term planning process which is the starting point for the annual budget. Thus the top level managers need to communicate the effect of the policy to the people who are responsible for the preparation of the budget of current year. The effect of the policy

Democracy in Modern World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Democracy in Modern World - Essay Example Gladys argument focuses on the fact that democracies cannot wage successful wars as the case of Athenians waging war in Sicily’s. I do support her argument that democratic countries should distinguish between good and bad leaders, but I find certain flaws in her argument. I agree with Gladys’ premises that suggest the country frightened their generals into sending better news home than the facts on the ground and chose weak generals to wage the war. This argument leads to her argument that democracies cannot wage a successful war. A look at all the premises helps Gladys conclude that a democratic country cannot lead such a war is viable.Her argument in her conclusion is valid since there need to be better strategies in war, and the failure of Athenians was a result of poor strategies and poor execution by the generals. There was a need to evaluate leaders and have better alternatives. In her argument, it is clear that poor intelligence brought the wrong generals, and th ey were overextended. This situation showed that to have the best plans there is a need for good executors for it to be successful. In conclusion, I agree with her argument that democratic countries cannot wage successful war since their strategies are prone to hope and checks and balances. Such checks limit the passion experienced in such wars but to be on the safe side all parties in a war need to appreciate and differentiate between choosing weak and strong leaders to wage wars.

Betrayal and Manipulation in the Accidental Billionaires Essay Example for Free

Betrayal and Manipulation in the Accidental Billionaires Essay In the Accidental Billionaires, the motif of manipulation and betrayal is prevalent. Mark Zuckerburg is the prime embodiment of manipulation and betrayal throughout the course of the work. Another character also attributed with such qualities is Sean Parker. Mark and Sean are similar in this aspect; manipulating their own world to achieve their goals. In the first few chapters of the book, the reader is introduced to the Winklevoss twins. The twins turn to Mark to aid them in their social networking idea, the HarvardConnection. After trusting Mark with their program, Mark begins to manipulate the idea into his own. In a very subtle way, Mark delays the twins in time to sire his own program. This action reveals to the reader that Mark is a lone wolf. Mark, told to us in the book, is not interested in money. For example, â€Å"†¦Microsoft had offered Mark between one and two million dollars to go to work for them-and amazingly, Mark had turned them down† (Mezrich 15). This action should be noted as the aspect of working alone seems to be, to Mark, the most efficient way to achieve fame. Mark is highly influenced by Bill Gates, a man who rose out of the very same school Mark attends and manipulated his way throughout his pursuits of Microsoft, and in Mark’s point of view, individual. With his displeasing physique and social incompetence, it is easy to see why people underestimate Mark and are taken advantage of. Another character to note is Sean Parker. Sean Parker is a foil to the protagonist, Mark. Mark pairs up with Sean after he launches ‘thefacebook’. Sean has a history of manipulating his way through major companies with the agenda of getting rich only, quite the opposite of Mark. Sean is extremely energetic, whereas Mark seems to be lazy as represented by his lack variety in his attire- flipflops, jeans, etc. Sean, however, was betrayed by those companies he used to work for, but, ironically, he pursues yet another company that betrays him in the end. Betrayal, through manipulation, is in the subtitle of the book, â€Å"A tale of sex, money, genius, and betrayal. † Betrayal is mentioned last in this climax because that is to show the most important motif and a symbol of the book’s overall structure- It goes from Eduardo and Mark seeking attention to ‘get laid’, then pursue money with genius innovation of modern social networking, and finally, Mark’s betrayal is concluded when he removes Eduardo and Sean from his life because they threatened his brainchild, Facebook. The motif of betrayal is very subtle to the reader. Even after reading the subtitle that Mezrich so blatantly states before the beginning chapter, I was manipulated into completely forgetting about betrayal and instead was focused on the pursuit to fame. Even the title fools the reader in stating the plural form of billionaire, but only one billionaire is spawned at the conclusion of the book. Just as the twins, Eduardo, and Sean, Mark’s real agenda was cloaked to me, until it finally dawned in the closing chapters.

Feminism: A Constant Stride Towards Equality Essay -- Gender Studies

â€Å"Women are the only oppressed group in our society that lives in intimate association with their oppressors.† -Evelyn Cunningham Feminism is an idea based on the assumption that women have the same human, political and social rights as men, furthermore, that women should have the same opportunities as men in their personal choices regarding careers, politics and expression (Reference.com). A feminist text states the author’s agenda for women in society as they relate to oppression by a patriarchal power structure and the subsequent formation of social ‘standards’ and ‘protocols’. It points out deficiencies in society regarding equal opportunity, and the author will make certain the reader will be aware of this motive (Bahar). In a work of fiction, the main character, or heroine, personifies the social struggle against male domination. Unfortunately, feminism is said to have too many negative connotations and thus it seems the term, and therefore the movement, is restricted by the glass ceiling, of which it aims to fight (Ferguson). Numerous works which we explored throughout t he semester possess characteristics of feminist works, in particular, the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, written by Flannery O’Connor. These are both considered feminist texts because they aim to portray women as stronger, more independent subjects, and to defy the norms that have been created by men in the past. The feministic ideas that are touched upon help to strengthen the works as well as critique modern society. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† tells a story about a woman’s struggles against male-centric thinking and societal ‘norms’. Feminist allusions are abundant throughout this s... ...y 36.3 (2011): 733-757. Literary Reference Center. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† 1912. Making Literature Matter: An Anthology For Readers and Writers. 5th ed. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 954-968. Print. Hinely, Susan. â€Å"Charlotte Wilson, the â€Å"Woman Question†, and the Meanings of Anarchist Socialism in Late Victorian Radicalism.† International Review of Social History 57.1 (2012): 3-36. ProQuest Military Collection; ProQuest Research Library; ProQuest Social Science Journals. Web. 10 Apr. 2012. O’Connor, Flannery. â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find.† 1955. Making Literature Matter: An Anthology For Readers and Writers. 5th ed. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 1283-1296. Print. â€Å"Reference.com - A Free Online Encyclopedia & Information Reference.† Reference.com. Web. 8 Apr. 2012. .

The Struggles of Undocumented Students Essay -- Immigration, Legal Iss

If we talk about undocumented immigrants in United States, we usually focus on the benefits and jobs they take from our country, but have we ever stood in their shoes and imagine what life is like for an illegal immigrant? To live as an undocumented immigrant is a bad situation, but I believe to be a child of an undocumented immigrant is even worse, because their choices are limited and they are unaware of their rights to attend colleges. In this research, I will focus on undocumented immigrant students, who are unable to afford for higher education, and the fear of their unknown future which is mainly cause by their undocumented status. The largest invisible group in America, to explore â€Å"what are the struggles and unsolved problems of undocumented students?† Early statistic provide from scholar article has proved that since the 1970s to 80s, Census by state has documented a high population of undocumented immigrants in the United States. Passel and Woodrow indicate that the estimation of undocumented immigrants is 2.06 millions in 1980s; most of the undocumented immigrants are Mexicans. By the year 2000, more than 1.6 million captures were along the U.S border. In southern California, â€Å"with almost 2.5 million unauthorized immigrants residing in the state, California is home to almost one fourth of the nations unauthorized† (Gonzales 473). This group can split into two major types, which are people who enter U.S illegally and people who enter through admission with their overstay visa. The Mexican group represents 60 percent of those who entered between 1970 and 1980. Mexico is the only single country which accounts the largest number of undocumented immigrants residing in the U.S. In 1980, 55 percent of the illegal immigrants... ...onvinced that my original question is an important one, therefore I am continuing with this formulation: â€Å"This invisible group in United States: the struggles and unsolved problems of undocumented immigrants† is going to be my argument of supporting â€Å"Undocumented students†. They deserve the rights to extend their education in order to achieve their American dreams. Their choices shouldn’t be limited by their statues, if they could achieve their academics successfully. United States cannot deprive undocumented immigrants of their academic rights for long term because this is a lost-lost situation. If U.S gives the undocumented immigrants their opportunities, there will be more educated people in the country, and they will give the country back with their skills. As a result, the entire country can move forward as a whole to becoming a better and stronger country.

Principles of Communication in Adult Social Care Settings Essay

1.1 The diffrent reasons people communicate are to tell others what there needs are for example there are hungry they need the toilet they would like something they need help to carry out a action and many more. They may like to exress or share ideas about themself or others. To obtaine or recive infomation maby about there children family or friends residence in a care home often worry about there family and when they are going to come to see them ect. People communiate to form relationships with others and share life experiences and to get to know each other. people comminicate to do most things it is very important. 1.2 Communication affects relationships in an adult socal care settings for encouraging participation in activities that go on in the home eg bingo outings film days music sessions theres all require communication but are very good to keep are brain active. To create equality so everyone has the same choices and chances in the home. To share understadings to make a better understanding for yourself. Read more: Identify different reasons why we communicate  essay 2.1 Ways to establish the communication and language needs are meet and the wishes and preferences of an individual are just simply asking the person if they are able to communicate verbally in some cases the individual may have had a stroke so may not be able to do this so body language plays a big part if you work with a individual a lot you can read what there needs are just from the way they act.You should always read a care plan before carrying out care so you should have some knowldge on the client but if you are unsure of anything you should go back and read it again. If you do not know the individual well you could ask other staff members who may no alot more about that client and may no the answer to you questions. 2.2 Factors to consider when promting affective communication would be as simple as the way you approach the client and your tone of voice as this makes a big diffrence its not always what you say its the way that you say it. Your body language can also play a big part we as humans can read body language very well. The enviroment is a big factor to consider as if its very loud around the client may not be able to hear you and what you are asking them to do or you may not hear what they are asking you or telling you what they need. If there is poor lighting they may not be able to see the things around them so well so this would effect communication also. Us as care providers must respect values, beliefs and diffrent culture.You must also check if they use communication aids as this is very important if a client can you hear very well they will have a hearing aid this must be in when communication is needed or they will not be able to hear and understand everything you are trying to help them with. 2.3 There are a range of communication methods and styles to meet individuals needs there are non-verbal communication are this things like written words,facial expressions,touch,behaviour,gestures,eye contact,behaviour and flash cards or pictures. The other type of cummunication is verbal these include verbal,pitch and vocabulary. communcation styles mat include positive,assertive,warm and supportive. 2.4 It is important to respond to an individuals reaction when communicating to respond in a appropiate way and to share a understanding when in a care home setting staff and residence become close and genrally get a good understanding of one another. If the individuals reaction is missed they may become distressed, fustrated or maby even frightened as they may be trying to tell you that something is wrong or they are in a need for help this would be more common with individuals who cant communicate verbally. 3.1 Individuals from diffrent backgrounds may use communication mathods in a diffrent ways. Examples of this may be someone who has been in a very close loving family may use touch much more than a individual who has been brought up and lived alone may be very uncomfortable with touch and may like as minimal as possible. Clients from diffrent countrys may use diffent languages and if they are unable to speak english or staff are unable to speak there known language then other forms of communiacation must be used. Peoples tone of voice may be used diffrent depending on there background this must always be respected and understood. 3.2 Barriers that effect communication are not making sure communication aids are avaliable like hearing aids and not checking they are working. If you do not allow sufficient time to listen then the client cant tell you if they need anything else or that they have any problems. If you are a care worker are dismissive they may not feel they can talk to you and this may cause them great stress. You must always give the client privacy if this is not done the client mat become very distressed. A lot of noice when you are trying to communicate is not good things may not be understood or heard from both sides. 3.3 Ways to overcome barriers to communicate may be adapting communication methods so all clients have a way to communivate with staff in a possitive effective way. To make information avalible in a variety of formats so all clients have the chance to udersand the information in the best possible way for them. We as care providers must ensure all the support needed is avalible at all times this will help make the client feel safe and secure. We must always establish an individuals needs and wishes and there culture and abide by there needs. 3.4 Statergies that can be used to clarify misunderstandings may include asking the individual to repeate what they said again and confirming understanding so they understand you didnt hear then correct the first time but when they repeated you understood. You may also ckeck with other that the undertanding you got from the client is correct. 3.5 To access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively may be there GP,individuals family or friends,socal workers.support groups or a specialised nurse.This would be if there was a problem with communiacation and the client needed extra things to be put in place so there was more effective communication for the client this would make sure all there care needs are meet and it prevented the client possibly becoming very distressed. A service may incude a speech and language service who can help people who can not communicate verbally in a effective way. 4.1 The meaning of confidentiality is to keep information private and only people who have a need to see it are to be able to access information. It also means keeping information safe in the correct locked place. You must only pass private information on with the indivduals permission to others who have a right to it. 4.2 Ways to maintain confidentiality in day to day communication are to keep all written records safe so not leaving records in places where other may see. You must ensure confidentual information is passed on only to other who have the need to know it. There must be paswords protecting electronic files and only people who need to know the passwords to know. We must always ckeck the identity of a person before passing personal information on to them. And we must provide a private environment. 4.3 The potential tension between maintaining an individuals confidentaility and disclosing concerns to agreed others may include breaching a confidence with an individual, It may also raise a safeguarding issue. It also may put the rights of others before those of an individual there are many other health profesionals who may be the agreed other like colleagues,GP,nurse,physiotherapist,family,advocate,dementia care advisior or socal worker. 4.4 When unsure of how to seek advice we should speak with are manager and if still unsure how we should speak with CQC who are the care quality commision. But we should always follow the organisations confidentiality policy.When to seek advice may be when claification is needed or when confidential information needs to be shared with agreed others.

The Controversy of Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction Essay Example

The Controversy of Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction Essay Example The Controversy of Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction Paper The Controversy of Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction Paper In clinical prediction, psychologists use their clinical experience to formulate a prediction based on interview impressions, history ATA and test scores (Melee, Clinical versus Statistical 4). The formula in the title refers to statistical or actuarial prediction. In actuarial prediction, clergies access a chart or table which gives the statistical frequencies of behaviors (Actuarial Prediction). Advocates of the clinical method say that clinical prediction Is dynamic, meaningful and sensitive but actuarial prediction Is mechanical, rigid and artificial (Melee, Clinical versus Statistical 4). On the other hand, advocates of the actuarial method claim that actuarial method Is empirical, precise and objective but alnico prediction Is unscientific, vague and subjective (Melee, Clinical versus Statistical 4). The controversy of clinical versus actuarial judgment is not limited to the field of psychology; it also affects education in terms of predicting school performance, criminal justice system in terms of parole board decisions and business in terms of personnel selection. Although this controversy can be traced back half a century ago, social scientists today are still asking: Which of the two methods works better? Can we view any prediction dichotomously as either clinical or actuarial? And, if actuarial predictions are more accurate, should we abandon clinical predictions all together? On one side of the controversy, some people feel that using mere numbers to determine whether students can enter graduate schools or whether prisoners should be released Is dehumidifying (Melee, Causes and Effects 374). In her book about social psychology, Thompson describes a young woman who complains that It Is horribly unfair that she has been rejected by the Psychology Department at university of California on the bases of mere numbers, without even n interview (88). When my psychology teacher surveyed our class on this issue, about 20 percent of students believe that it is unethical to make predictions based on mere numbers (Brenner). The crux of this ethical concern lies on the belief that each individual is so unique that rigid statistics or equations cannot make the correct prediction in every single case. Indeed, most psychologists agree that rigid statistics are not sensitive to special cases. Paul Mà ªlà ©es well-known broken-leg example Illustrates how the special powers of the clinician can predict behaviors ore accurately in some special cases: If a sociologist were predicting whether Professor X would go to the movies on a certain night, he might have an equation Involving age, academic specialty, and Introversion score. The equation might yield [a very high probability] that Professor X will go to the movie tonight. But if Professor X Ana Just Darken Nils leg Ana en Is In a nil cast Tanat wont NT In a denature seat, no sensible sociologist would stick with the equation. (Clinical versus Statistical 24-25) Essentially, it is very important for clinicians to detect the characteristics of each unique individual and make predictions accordingly because clinicians deal with individual cases; they make predictions for each unique individual, not for a group of people. Thus, it is the individual case that defines the clinician (Melee, Clinical versus Statistical 25). Because of the insensitivity of statistics to special cases and the importance of predicting individual cases, many psychologists argue that statistics simply cannot apply to individuals (Melee, Causes and Effects 374). They believe that clinicians can make predictions about individuals can transcend the predictions bout people in general (Melee, Causes and Effects 374). For example, Patriots emphasized in his research on personality inventory that: In [nonproductive] tests, the results of every individual examination can be interpreted only in terms of direct, descriptive, statistical data and, therefore, can never attain accuracy when applied to individuals. Statistics is a descriptive study of groups, not of individuals. (633) On the other side of controversy, advocates of the actuarial approach have questioned the logic behind the assumption that statistics do not apply to single individuals or events. Stanchion uses a very good analogy to illustrate the fallacy behind this assumption (179). He asks us whether we want our operation done by an experienced surgeon who has a low failure probability or an inexperienced surgeon who has a high failure probability (179). Of course, any rational man will choose the experienced surgeon. However, if we believe that probabilities do not apply to the single case, we should not mind to have our operation done by the inexperienced surgeon. This question brings us to think about the role of chance in making reductions. Stanchion noted: Reluctance to acknowledge the role of chance when trying to explain outcomes in the world can actually decrease our ability to predict real-world events Acknowledging that our predictions will be less than 100 percent accurate can actually help us to increase our overall predictive accuracy. (175) An experiment done by Fainting and Subsidiaries (58-63) demonstrates Stanchions last point that we must accept error in order to reduce error. In this experiment, the participant sits in front of a red light and a blue light and is asked to predict which eight will be flashed on each trial (60). The experimenter has programmed so that the red light will flash 70 percent of the time and the blue light 30 percent of the time (59). Participants quickly pick up the fact that the red light is flashing more, thus they predict the red light roughly 70 percent of the time and the blue light roughly 30 percent of the time (62). The problem is that they do not understand that if they give up on trying to predict correctly on every trial, they can actually be more accurate. We can demonstrate the logic of this situation through a calculation on 100 trials. In 70 of the 100 trials, the red light will come on and the participant will be correct on about 70 percent of those 70 trials. That means, in 49 of the 70 trials (70 times . 70), the participant will correctly predict that red light will flash. In the same way, we can calculation that approximately in 9 trials (30 times . 30), the participant will correctly predict that the blue light will flash. Therefore, the participant can only predict correctly 58 percent of the time (49 percent from the red light and 9 percent from the (B). However, IT ten participant simply gives up on getting every trial relent Ana just predicts the red light on every trial, he can predict correctly 70 percent of the time (because the red light will come on 70 percent of the time), which is 12 percent better than switching back and forth trying to get right on every trial. This is what Stanchion means by accepting error in order to reduce error. Research on this controversial issue has consistently indicated that actuarial prediction is more accurate than clinical prediction. In Paul Mà ªlà ©es classical book Clinical versus Statistical Prediction, he had reviewed 22 studies comparing clinical and actuarial prediction (83-126). Out of these 22 studies, twenty show that actuarial prediction is more accurate than clinical prediction. These twenty studies cover almost all the clinical prediction domain, including psychotherapy outcome, criminal recidivism, college graduation rates, parole behavior and length of psychiatric hospitalizing. A graduate student at JIBE had also done a study comparing clinical and actuarial prediction (Simmons 3). In this study, Simmons compared the predictions made by a regression equation and by two experienced counselors on the school performance of JIBE freshmen (Simmons 3). The results again indicate the actuarial prediction using the regression equation was more accurate (Simmons 64). In addition, a recent meta-analysis using 136 studies has also confirmed that actuarial prediction is better regardless of the Judgment task, type of Judges, or Judges amount of experience (Grove et al. 9). Researchers found that actuarial prediction substantially outperformed clinical prediction in 45 percent of the studies whereas clinical prediction was more accurate in only 10 percent of the studies (19). Regarding the research consistently showing that actuarial prediction is more accurate , Paul Melee said, There is no controversy in social science which shows such a large body of qualitatively diverse studies coming out so uniformly in the same direction as this one (373-374). Mà ªlà ©es actuarial stance is strongly challenged by Robert R. Holt, who is also a renowned clinical psychologist. Holt criticizes that the twenty studies Melee cited in his book only focus on the final step of the prediction-making process, which is making the prediction (339). Holt rejects the dichotomous classification of studies as clinical or statistical because in field settings, clinicians do not simply make a prediction by evaluating the given data (338). In field settings, before the clinician can make the prediction, he has to carefully identify the criterion he can predict and choose predictive variables he wants to use. (Holt 339-340). For example, if a counselor wants to predict the school performance of first year university dents, he first identifies the criterion he is able to predict; the criterion can be Gaps or average marks of the students, but it can also be the students lecture attendances. He also has to choose which predictive variables he should use; he may use the students entrance grades or their scores on an aptitude test or a combination of both. Then, finally, he can make the prediction using either an equation or his own Judgment. This example shows that even if the clinician uses actuarial approach in the final step of the prediction-making process, he still plays an important role in all the preceding steps. I agree with Holt that Melee has oversimplified the distinction between clinical and statistical prediction. I believe that we should view these two methods as falling on a continuum rather than make an all-or-none distinction. Some predictions that can be completely done on computers are more statistical toner protections, Tort wanly psychoanalysts need to collect Ana analyze data, are more clinical. I also agree with Holt that we should still value clinical judgment although it is not as accurate. Without clinical Judgment, scientists will to be able to form hypotheses and theories, and to analyze research results and data. Like Western and Weinberg said in their article reviewing this controversial issue, try as we might to eliminate subjectivity in science, we can never transcend the fact that the mind of scientists, clinicians or informants is the source of much of what we know (609). Nevertheless, when countless research findings point toward one direction, I think we should recognize that actuarial predictions are more accurate than clinical predictions (at least in the final step of the prediction-making recess). Some people think that using mere numbers to make predictions is dehumidifying. They feel that using an equation to forecast a persons action is treating the individual like a white rat or an inanimate object (Melee Causes and Effects 374). However, I argue that in certain cases, it is unethical to use clinical judgment when actuarial approach has shown to be accurate. For example, when a clinical psychologist makes a prediction about whether a student is going to commit suicide within a year, would it be more ethical to use the actuarial prediction that is here times more accurate than the clinical prediction (Brook et al. 03)? The answer to this question should be as obvious as the question about whether we want our operation done by an experienced or an inexperienced surgeon. By admitting that actuarial Judgment is more accurate, clinicians who engage in activities in the role of experts and imply that they have unique clinical knowledge of individual cases may lose prestige and income; however, the field of psychology, and society, will benefit if we underst and that accepting error is reducing error.