A Summary of Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Essays

Ashlyn AP Language Mrs. Evans May 7, 2012 Brave New World: A Shortened Long Form Title: Brave New World Author: Aldous Huxley Date of Publication: 1932 The Author and His Times Aldous Huxley was born to an elite and intellectual family on July 26, 1894. His family consisted of writers and scientists, and he felt obliged to have the same success. When he was younger, he showed more intelligence and insight than the rest of the children. He also, however, had a rather large head which kept him from walking until he was two. His large head also gave him the childhood nickname of â€Å"Ogie†, which was short for Ogre (Brave New World P.S. 3). In school he was interested in becoming a scientist. However, at the age†¦show more content†¦An argument breaks out, and Hemholtz and Bernard are sent to a far away island. John lives in a light house. When word gets out of his location, he is met by several London citizens. He reacts by taking out his whip. An orgy takes place, and in the end he hangs himself for submitting to the World State Society. Characters Bernard Marx is a male Alpha who was mistaken for a lower class when he was decanted. It resulted in him being smaller than the other alphas, which is his source of insecurity. He does not take interest in sports like the other normal people, and has unorthodox beliefs about relationships and community events. In a conversation about Bernard between Lenina and Fanny, Lenina says, â€Å"Bernard’s an Alpha Plus. Besides, he asked me to go to one of the Savage Reservations†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"But his reputation?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"What do I care about his reputation?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"They say he doesn’t like obstacle golf†¦ and then he spends most of his time by himself- alone† (Brave New World 44-45). Lenina was being questioned by Fanny about her seriousness on having relations with Bernard because of his reputation. However, he is in love with Lenina and would love to have a relationship with her, but his unorthodox mind is furious at the way sh e treats herself and is treated by other men. His character is surprisingly human for the new world. He feels jealous and lovesick; things that people like Mustapha Mond say have beenShow MoreRelatedBrave New World Discussion Questions1321 Words   |  6 PagesBrave New World Discussion Questions Question 1: Each novel immerses us, instantly, into a world that simultaneously is foreign and familiar. Establish the characteristics of the society that the author creates and analyze the intricacies (complexities) of the society being presented. In what ways is it like and unlike our own society? In Aldous Huxley’s science fiction novel Brave New World, a distinct society is illustrated. The author depicts a civilization that is specifically based on severalRead MoreThe Brave, Condemned, And Wicked1133 Words   |  5 PagesArmani Astudillo Mrs. Segovia Theory Report 07 March 2017 The brave, condemned, and wicked The advancement of technology does not imply the enhancement of humanity , within â€Å" A Brave New World†, by Aldous Huxley, shows a world in which individuality is stripped and replaced by uniformity which can be shown best in the John the â€Å"savage†. Perception has its way of fitting people s circumstances to fit their complex, and in its’ entirety that s what this dystopian novel is about. Human emotionRead More Comparing the Philosophies of Brave New World and Anthem Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesThe Philosophies Brave New World and Anthem       The books Brave New World by Aldus Huxley and Anthem by Ayn Rand are both valuable twentieth-century contributions to literature. Both books explore the presence of natural law in man and propose a warning for what could happen when mans sense of right and wrong is taken from him. In this essay, I hope to show how these seemingly unrelated novels both expound upon a single, very profound, idea.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before launching into theRead More A Dystopian Future in Brave New World Essay examples4100 Words   |  17 PagesBrave New World is a remarkable journey into the future wherein mankind is dehumanized by the progress and misuse of technology to the point where society is a laboratory produced race of beings who are clones devoid of identity only able to worship the three things they have been preconditioned to love:   Henry Ford, their idol; Soma, a wonder drug; and sex (Dusterhoof, Guynn, Patterson, Shaw, Wroten and Yuhasz   1).   The misuse of perfected technologies, especially those allowing the manipulationRead MoreA Brave New World By Aldous Huxley929 Words   |  4 PagesA Brave New World published in 1932 by Aldous Huxley was about a utopian society in which people were placed in castes because of how their embryos were modified. Little did the author know less than a century later the idea of â€Å"designer babies† might be a reality. Designer babies are very similar to Huxley’s idea; a person could be genetically altered before they were born. Unlike Huxley’s book, in which embryos were genetically modified due to government industrial control, designer babies’ destiniesRead MoreNeil Postman s Exploration Of This Issue1737 Words   |  7 Pagesdictatorial society novel, 1984. The other view came from English writer and philosopher Aldous Huxley’s novel called Brave New World. In George Orwell’s version people are oppressed from an external force and he feared people would be deprived of information. In Huxley’s version external forces do not do the oppressing, however, people allow themselves to be persuaded to believe that they are happy. Huxley’s novel emphasizes that the truth about what is really going on will be drowned in a sea ofRead MoreThe Literary Devices Used By Aldous Huxley1534 Words   |  7 Pagessoma is. (Huxley 237-238) This tablet is controlling their population; it sedates, calms and distracts people of the true horror that has them enslaved. All things considered, soma is a sedative that permits its clients to be controlled. Brave New World appears to contend that Christianity burdens similarly. It controls through easement. It offers solace, yet to the detriment of uniqueness. This book has many themes but this quote demonstrates how science affects people and the choices thatRead MoreThe Manipulation Of Human Biology1160 Words   |  5 PagesThe manipulation of human biology has always been a controversial issues. To many, purposefully changing the genetics of mankind is reminiscent of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and even the eugenics of Nazi Germany. However, genetic manipulation offers an unignorable potential to help many people live lives with fewer serious health issues. These two opposing viewpoints are why genetic manipulation, like the creation of designer babies, is so heated. According to â€Å"Introduction,† Designer babiesRead MoreMWDS Brave New World2108 Words   |  9 PagesName ___________________________________ AP-______Date___________ Major Works Data Sheet Advanced Placement Literature and Composition Title: Brave New World Author: Aldous Huxley Date of Publication: 1932 Genre: Dystopian Literature Biographical Information about the Author: Aldous Huxley was a British writer born in Surrey, England on July 26, 1894. He studied science at Eton, but a problem with his eyes left him partially blind and he had to leave after three years. When it eventually improvedRead MoreAnalysis Of Huxley s Brave New World Essay4045 Words   |  17 PagesHistorical information about the Setting: Huxley wrote Brave New World in 1931 which was during the Great Depression. The start of the Great Depression was when the American stock market crashed in 1929. Banks started closing and all the savings from the American people simply disappeared like water vapor. This market crash causes a chain reaction that lead to mass unemployment and poverty. On top of all of this, American farmers were not profiting from their crops because of a major drought in

William Black - I Heard an Angel Singing - 1404 Words

WILLIAM BLAKE â€Å"I heard an angel singing† A Matter of Life an Death Abstract In this poem William Blake at the beginning speaks about an angel, who was singing in the small hours every day. An angel was singing all day about mercy, pity, peace, which is the world ´s release. Angel was positive feature. He tried to help people. His voice is really beautiful and people feel good during his singing. Devil cursed mercy, pity and peace, because he saw all men are happy in the world and they don ´t need any mercy, pity or peace. At a devil ´s curse the sun went down and it started heavy rain for three days. Devil do not know people, what they need. Devil is baddy. He try to destroy all the world. People have to have faith in God. Only He is†¦show more content†¦I think people had to recognize day and night, Angel and Devil, good and evil... â€Å"Down pourd the heavy rain. Over the new reapd grain ... And Miseries increase is Mercy, Pity, Peace.â€Å" In this part of poem Blake wrote about results of being stupid and bad guy in human world. There i s no human world without God. â€Å"I am Alpha and Omega...† These are the names of the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet, and signify the same as what follows: The beginning and the end: the first cause and last end of all beings: who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty... These words signify the true God only, and are here applied to our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, who is to come again to judge the living and the dead. Revelation contains more apocalyptic predictions about the future than any other book in the Bible. Blake wrote about their visions too. Why is it easier to think of evil examples than good ones? Is it much easier to do something big and bad than it is to do something big and good? For example, perhaps many Americans consider dropping the bomb on Hiroshima good whereas many Japanese consider it evil. Some people don ´t know what they do. They don ´t have any time for anything. They are always running anywhere. And that ´s why theyShow MoreRelated The Voice of Billie Holiday Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessings as Our Lady of Sorrow(Davis 1), a representation of a whole people torn and discriminated against.   And though her speech is not spoken, she moves a crowd, one that gathers into many. Billie Holiday comes to prove that one womans voice, singing one song, that calls awareness to one issue of society, can change the world.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Music has come to shape our views of society, love, race, and creed. We can all remember a time when a song evoked an emotion. The song seemed to expressRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1708 Words   |  7 Pagesboth males and females, were rebels for themselves. 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Ltd.) 4626/18, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi - 110002 Website: www.studentsmorningstar.com E-mail: info@studentsmorningstar.com A Collection of ICSE Poems and Short Stories Volume I — Poems  1. Where the Mind is Without FearRead MoreMandinka Empire21578 Words   |  87 Pagesadditional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hia/summary/v032/32.1schaffer.html Access Provided by your local institution at 03/10/13 1:43PM GMT BOUND TO AFRICA: THE MANDINKA LEGACY IN THE NEW WORLD MATT SCHAFFER I I offer here a theory of â€Å"cultural convergence,† as a corollary to Darwin’s natural selection, regarding how slave Creoles and culture were formed among the Gullah and, by extension, supported by other examples, in the Americas. When numerous speakers

Why Should Anybody Care - 1198 Words

ELA7_SB_U5_L11 Introduction and Objective â€Å"Why should anybody care?† That’s the question of the day! The answer is also how you create an effective concluding section for your essay. You want to make sure your reader understands why they read through your entire essay, and you want them to be happy they spent the time doing it! Today s lesson objective is: Students will write a concluding section that follows from the information or explanation presented. In addition to a strong introduction, every great essay needs a great conclusion to wrap up all of your interesting points! Are there strategies that you can use to summarize your main points and tie all of your ideas together? Record your plan of attack for writing a†¦show more content†¦To write your concluding section, just follow these steps: https://pixabay.com/en/success-gradual-career-stairs-413093/ 1. Refer to your thesis (remind the audience of your purpose) 2. Summarize your main points/findings 3. Synthesize to tell how your main points fit together 4. Relate to your reader(s) - Try to link back to the hook that started the essay Placing these pieces in this particular order makes a big impact on the reader. It gives you a good strategy for helping your reader(s) remember what is most important about your thoughts from the essay. Let’s see how well you can recall the order of the tasks you need to create a complete and memorable concluding paragraph. ELA7_B_5_11_ACT_1 DOK 2 https://pixabay.com/en/thoughts-construct-does-face-139620/ Now that you know what you need to do, it’s time to take a closer look at the specific tasks you’ll need to complete to compose your concluding paragraph. 1. Refer to the thesis does not mean just rewriting it exactly as you did in the introduction! It means that you must write your purpose and add whether you feel that you have achieved that purpose. Example: In this essay I set out to analyze the figurative language and symbolism in Angelou’s poem, â€Å"Caged Bird.† I found that not only does Angelou use literary elements like an expert; she also creates a deep experience for

Should Body Worn Police Cameras Help The Police - 861 Words

A Plan to Collect Information Fortunately for me, I was able to compile an ample amount of research from my Anointed Bibliography, however, it lacked crucial data, more so, the thoughts of law enforcement officers in my local community. My plan of attack focuses on the views of both the police and the public about body-worn police cameras. I shall create surveys in which I intend on distributing throughout three random neighborhoods of various economic and social backgrounds which includes poor, middle class, and wealthy communities in and around the Phoenix area. I plan to survey at least twenty-five people from each neighborhood by on going door to door in the communities which will be determined at a later date. The surveys will consist of five closed ended yes or no questions that include; Question 1: At this time, are you happy with the police and policing they do in your community? Question 2: Do you think that body-worn police cameras help the police, the people in their commu nity or both? Question 3: Would you like to see police in your community implement a body-worn camera policy if they do not already have one in place? Question 4: Have you ever had any encounters with the police? Question 5: If you answered yes to Question4, Do you believe that had the officer been required to wear a body-worn camera, the encounter would have turned out differently for the better, worse or the same outcome? Additionally, I plan on selecting two different police departments toShow MoreRelatedLaw Enforcement Should Be Equipped With Body Worn Cameras1749 Words   |  7 PagesPolice brutality of minorities has brought us as a nation to discuss whether law enforcement should be equipped with body-worn cameras. As we are aware technology today has advanced exponentially - far beyond our imaginations cellphones and other electronics devices are equipped with the most awesome digital features. These devices provide citizens the capability to record anything they desire ca pturing the good bad and ugly including police misconduct. Last year alone, 120 million smart phonesRead MorePolicing The Police : Training, Retraining, And But More Training Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesCordell, L.H. (2014). Policing the Police: Training, retraining, and yet more training are not the way to stop police brutality. LaDoris Cordell, author of this article, is a 1974 graduate of Stanford Law School. On April 13, eight years later, she was appointed to the Municipal Court of Santa Clara County by Governor Jerry Brown, making her the first African American woman judge in all of northern California. On June 7, 1988, Judge Cordell won election to the Superior Court of Santa Clara CountyRead MoreThe Effect Of Body Cameras On Police Work1722 Words   |  7 Pagesexample of a city with positive results from the use of body-cameras. In Rialto, police began wearing body-cameras a little less than three years ago. As a result of officers wearing body-cameras, citizens’ complaints against police officers dropped 88 percent and use of force by police officers dropped 60 percent from the previous 12 month period when body-cameras were not in use. Rialto’s police chief said, â€Å"When you put a camera on a police officer, they tend to behave a little better, follow theRead MorePolice Force Aga inst Citizens During The United States Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pageseighty-six is the number of people killed by police officers in 2015 in the United States, which is more than double the deaths reported annually over the past decade (The Washington Post). That number given is a total count of deaths under any circumstance of the fatality. Police force against citizens has become more and more aggressive each year, all though some of the force is needed for the situation, hundreds of people each year get killed by police that use force that is not necessary. TheRead MoreThe Violence Of Police Brutality Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pagescitizens receive from the police in addition to how the citizens interact with police. Video footage has shown police brutality that is sometimes questionable, which often dictates on the how the community views them by causing tension. Accusations of Police brutality is nothing new but it isn’t until recently that it is being recorded and it is difficult to correct the actions of someone if there is not enough evidence provided. 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While the use of body cameras may seem to invade the public or police privacy. Police-worn body cameras will be beneficial to law enforcement and civilians all over the world. Police must be equipped with body cameras to alleviate any doubt in the effectiveness of officersRead MoreBeing A Police Officer Is A Daunting Task1108 Words   |  5 PagesBeing a police officer is a daunting task. The constant struggle between protecting life and property and maintaining order, all while acquiring the public’s trust. The implication of use of force, police brutality, misconduct, or racial profiling all undermine the public’s trust. In order to improve the morale of the officers of these so called allegations, the use of body worn cameras are initiated in hopes of rebuilding the officerâ €™s accountability and credibility. 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When this occurs, a reevaluation of how the cameras are being used should happen to make sure improvements occur. As shown by the recent privacy violations to the Round Lake Police Department regarding body-worn cameras, officers need to become more familiar with the technology they are

The Need And Importance of Outsourcing for Medium Companies

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for The Need And Importance of Outsourcing for Medium Companies. Answer: Introduction According to Quadnt (2012), in recent years, outsourcing has become essential to medium sized companies that need to compete in the modern world of business. This is due to technological innovations and advancement; as a result, the competition between the companies that innovates technologies is high because the medium companies are also looking for vendors with quality services to meet their desired expectations. Moreover, D (2014) added, in this modern epoch, it is believed that most of the companies are required to adapt to globalization, they may also tend to be forced to pay attention on their central objectives. D (2014) stated, Companies are required to specialize, minimize operation cost and increase their competitive advantage in their respective markets. Ying (2000) defines outsourcing in the following manner outsourcing as a contractual agreement between the customer and one on or more suppliers to provide services or processes that the customer is currently providing internally. Koszeweska (2004) further pointed out the major difference between outsourcing and other purchasing agreements, whereby in outsourcing the customer or consumer contracts-out a part of their internal activity to an external source. K.M (2000) says, Despite the dramatic rise in outsourcing in recent years, few empirical investigations of the subject have been conducted. K.M (2000) further added that work on outsourcing has been primarily theoretical in nature has relied mostly on subjective evidence support assertion. According to Quadnt (2012), as much as outsourcing is advantageous for companies, it also bears dangers such as; security and intellectual property rights are more prone for violation. There can be chances of higher risks in case of failure but at the same time, if such initiatives are successful they can lead to decent amounts of earnings and profits, In this paper I will further discuss about the risks and benefits; outweighing and comparing them in the literature review section of the paper. This paper is set out to examine the outsourcing decision by MIC Tanzania LTD, a cellular network company in Tanzania, popularly known as Tigo through examining available documents and interviewing key personnel at Tigo Tanzania. The gathered information will be analyzed and come up with the advantage and disadvantage of outsourcing. As a result, this paper looks into the case study of MIC Tanzania LTD (Tigo) from which results will be analyzed. Aim of the study The aim of the study is to understand the recent trend of outsourcing. The focus is particularly given to the medium sized companies. In this case, the outsourcing process of Tigo, the telecommunication company of Tanzania will be discussed. it is seen that large software companies are involved in outsourcing over the last decade, however, the medium sized companies are also coming forward and they have started outsourcing some parts of their software related developments. There is a difference in the operational and managerial level between the medium and large enterprises. This is the reason that most of the outsourcing job that they do is neglected. Through this research, the outsourcing done by Tigo will be highlighted on the ground of the need and importance of outsourcing in modern day business. Objective of the study The objectives of the study are as follows: To discuss the process of outsourcing in Tigo To analyze the need and importance of outsourcing in Tigo To analyze the developments of outsourcing in Tigo To discuss the difference in the process of outsourcing in the in the large and medium sized companies like Tigo Research questions The research will be based on these following questions: How Tigo operate outsourcing? Why outsourcing is important for the medium sized companies like Tigo? How the process of outsourcing has developed with time in Tigo? What are the differences in the process of outsourcing in between Tigo and other big enterprises? Through this assignment, all these questions will be answered in detailed discussion and analysis. Literature review Tigo is a telecommunication enterprise situated in Tanzania. The brand has gained popularity due to its updated style. The service offered by Tigo includes vhigh speed internet, mobile financial services, SMS, Voice. The 3G network of Tigo has rarely found any competition across many countries in Africa. In 2015, the brand extended with the launch of itsG network. The company is looking for further development through penetration in remote and rural areas. According to Schniederjans et al (2015), apart from all these, the company has employed more than 300,000 Tanzanians both directly and indirectly by extending customer service network, money merchants, distributors and sales agents. Since 1994 to the present day, Tigo has been following the right way to success and the process of outsourcing plays a major role here. The following discussion will bring out the ways outsourcing has helped Tigo to get what it has planned to beat the other competitors in the business. However, some the ories related to the process of outsourcing is need to be analyzed for the better understanding of Tigos activities and it will also outline the present situation of the modern day business. Theoretical underpinnings The definition of outsourcing will not be repeated in this section; rather a thorough research on the same area has been examined. With the passage of time, Outsourcing has become a major part of business. Every company incorporates this business process into its strategy. However, the focus of this assignment would be to gauge the advantages that the organizations are achieving through the process of outsourcing, and the disadvantages, if any, they have to face. This section will look on these advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing and compare outcomes between findings and literature reviews. According to Graf et al (2013), outsourcing has developed with the growth of digitization. In the present situation, digital outsourcing is what every company does. Digital outsourcing, which is related to manufacturing, has been growing since early 21st century. Mainly the white-collar work is outsourced in various countries. However, there is a disparity in the wages between the Eastern and Western countries. As discussed by Ali et al (2014), whereas in US and Canada the workers are paid around $40,000-$100,000, in India and China the software engineers get around 250,000 and 1,5000,000 rupees per annum. It is half the amount of what the US and Canada pays in a year to each of their employees. Nevertheless, the main question is, are there any benefits of outsourcing? Quandt (2012) answers that in order to compete with other companies; a company is expected to do its best to acquire the most useful sources from different channels and to build its sustainable comparative advantages b y different approaches. Quandt (2012) further adds that if there is something we cant do more efficiently, cheaper and better than our competition, there is no sense in doing it and we should employ someone to do the better work for us. According to Loewe et al (2013), Outsourcing may involve outsourcing of jobs to another country or establishment of stores in other countries, although the analysts prefer to term the trend as off-shoring. The employees who work for the same company but in a different country are the company employees. This is a very confusing situation. They are not considered outsourced. As discussed by Christaukas et al (2012), the economists have made their standpoint in this context. They do not want to distinguish between employee outsourcing and product outsourcing. They do not consider the national borders too. According to Mehra et al (2014), after World War II, business became global with some new developments. With this new advancement, new outsourcing ide as grew. As discussed by Kaya et al (2015), the establishment of remote management services in 1980s was among this. According to Fernie (2014), it was during the late 1980s and 1990s; Information Technology outsourcing started expanding due to technological advancement. As discussed by Gonalo et al (2014), the companies started outsourcing less important components and kept their resources for the major areas. This was mainly the scenario of India. As a result, United States was filled with IT workers outsourced from India. Thus, both the countries gained from it. It is believed that, surviving in this modern competitive business environment requires medium sized companies have to adopt outsourcing some of the none-core businesses. Outsourcing is a vigorous process and according to D (2014), it reduces the burden on employer who would use the some of the manpower from outsources activities to more productive core business and increase efficiency .The frequently outsourced activities in telecommunication companies include; tower management, IT, call center and walk in shops as well as passive and active part of network and concentrate on the core business. According to E (2014), companies decide to outsource for four major reasons as follows (and as summarized on diagram below): to reduce the cost, focus on core, improve Quality and increase speed to market (The Outsourcing World Summit, 2001). However, the economists have opined that a company that spends lower marginal costs during the production of services or products always enjoys a compar ative advantage. It leads to productive economy. According to Freytag et al (2012), outsourcing helps to gain a perfect level of popularity as it seeks a third party for working on contractual basis. The primary reason for the organizations opts out for resourcing is not only to reduce the costs of the business operation, however, to involve skilled, talented and expert employees for generating perfect level of profit. Outsourcing also helps to maintain the flexible staffing process for adequate turnaround time. Now a day, it has become a trend to support the uprising business with adequate robust software program, which are web-based and it is capable enough to give a tough competition to the existing competitor companies within the particular industry. As opined by Qi Chau (2012), the management of an organization outsource its resources only because to develop the business strategy. Mainly in the software industry, outsourcing plays an important role to capture a better position in the market than its previous position. This pr ocess has been proved as more economical than the traditional process of conducting business. Outsourcing includes a huge range of technological skills, expertise and knowledge in order to meet the requirements of business. Outsourcing helps to maintain a perfect standard of an organization and delivering the projects on time successfully. Handley Benton (2012) have mentioned that the software companies incorporate outsourcing to get access of a huge pool of various expert solution and resources for improving both the business operation and the organization. Outsourcing engages a perfect and excellent quality solution at less expensive price and it can be defined as effective strategy to perform assigned tasks in traditional manner with proper handling procedure by resources and internal staffs. However, there are various reasons of choosing outsourcing by an organization. The major reasons include that it controls and reduces the operating costs with the constant development of companys concentration. Lee et al (2012) have suggested that outsourcing achieves a perfect and potential access to the excellent capabilities. It also frees the significant internal resources for performing other purposes and increasing the potentiality for activities that are time consuming. Outsourcing involves a maximum usage of external resources and it shares the possibilities of risks with the present partner organization. However, all these above-mentioned reasons are not always enough to implement an outsourcing program in successful manner. Every organi zation should ensure and consider significant components, which are able to mitigate the need of successful outsourcing. Executive support and potential communication process is relevant segment of successful outsourcing process. According to Aubert et al (2012), the higher management of an organization should be aware of the managing transformation as it is the fundamental requirement for the success of the outsourcing program. The below diagram summarizes the reasons for outsourcing:- Source: (The outsourcing world summit, 2001). Outsourcings benefits and risks Koszeweska argues that the most often discussed advantages of outsourcing are connected with improved financial performance and various nonfinancial performance effects, such as a heightened focus on core competencies (Koszeweska, 2004) argued that outsourcing firms are likely to achieve cost advantages relative to vertical integrated firms.Iit can be seen that Outsourcing reduces various costs that a company bears. According to Harrigan (1985), such as- non-core business costs, high energy costs, labor costs, high rates of taxes, government regulations etc. The U.S companies enjoy high corporate taxes and certain benefits including Medicare, social security. Data has shown that in 2011, US corporations spent less money to pay federal taxes and more to the CEOs. Such a favorable tax environment in U.S has encouraged the outsourcing of IT jobs. U.S, therefore, seeks to gain profit in other countries rather than shifting their headquarters in foreign countries. As discussed by Dinu (2015), non-wage costs are another reason for the rapid growth of outsourcing. In case of U.S, the other developing countries have ensured lenient rules regarding the workers benefits and their securities. This is not the case in U.S because of the increasing social security and crises in Medicare that have compelled the companies to think and plan about outsourcing. Those working in the IT industry in U.S get the benefit of health insurances. Therefore, they try to avoid recruiting employees and they give pressure on existing people. However, this is not the case while they outsource employees in foreign countries. As opined by K.M et al (2000), outsourcing tends to promote competition among outside suppliers, thereby ensuring availability of higher- quality goods and services in the future. Koszeweska (2004), opined in favor of outsourcing by talking about the following advantages such as reducing overheads and operational costs, possibility of converting fixed costs into variable costs, concentrating on firms core business and the ability to spread commercial risks. As mentioned above this paper considers both the advantages and benefits of outsourcing along with the risks and drawbacks. The disadvantages or risks of outsourcing are therefore also covered. According to K.M et al (2000), one of the most serious threats resulting from reliance on outsourcing is declining innovation by the outsourcer. Outsourcing can also lead to a loss of long run research and development competitiveness because it is normally used as a substitute for innovation. According to Koszeweska (2004), other disadvantage of outsourcing is the risk of co-operating with a dishonest supplier, which, having gained access to knowledge concerning a firm and its products may use it against that firm in the future. Outsourcing in medium-sized companies In Germany, the medium enterprises are the source of the national economy. The revenue that they generate and the employees that work in these companies are the reasons of their developments in the recent years. Most of these medium companies of Germany and other countries run by their traditional set up. The owners of these companies take the final decisions because of which emotion influences the process of decision making in those medium enterprises. The process of outsourcing also has its role to play here. However, the medium enterprises in Germany are acknowledged as the ideal business set up to be followed by other such companies around the world. German economy has developed with the growth of such medium enterprises. As discussed by Bamiatzi et al (2014), all Medium software companies take the decision of outsourcing only when the customer orders for software. The companies then discuss about decision making on outsourcing. According to Moe et al (2012), this process is known as before the project. The decisions are based on the services that they can provide to meet the specific demands of the customers according to the budget that the customers can spend. The budget estimation is done during the selling process. Thus, there are three stages or three temporal aspects of decision making for outsourcing. These are as follows: Before the project During the project Always Outsourcing It is found that the decision-making responsibility lies on the managers for most of the medium sized enterprises. According to Benito et al (2013), some companies outsource the development of particular software products and in some other cases; the enterprises transport the software project to an outside partner or to the counterpart of their own organization residing in a different country. Therefore, the three types of objects that are outsourced are as follows: Development of particular software elements Software development projects Development of particular requirements According to Hossain (2015), the medium enterprises gave importance to the decision making process before they actually outsource anything. The features of software components that are considered as parameters in the process of decision-making are as follows: Need for explanation Complexity of components Technical Specificity Clear Interfaces Core Topic Required Domain Knowledge Isolation of Components Encapsulation Number of used Technologies Anything can be outsourced Among these characteristics, need for explanation seems to be a concern of the medium enterprises on which the decision making process depends a lot. They do not need to explain much if they have a strong operational and organizational setting. As discussed by Gebauer et al (2012), the companies can outsource very complex things too if they understand the specific customer needs. Moreover, the understanding of the software components such as technical specificity and complexity involved in it is the primary requirements while making outsourcing decisions. Strategies or decision-making objectives differ according to the size of the enterprises. According to Dolgui (2013), the medium sized enterprises are, as opined by the European economists, those that employ less than 250 persons with a yearly turnover of less than 50 million euro and/or with a yearly balance sheet not more than 43 million euro. However, in the emerging market economies the operations and supply change management has become a major part of their business decisions. For example, the emerging market in the BRICS countries. The medium sized enterprises in these countries plan their outsourcing decisions focusing on two primary issues. ("The Benefits of Outsourcing for Small Businesses | AllBusiness.com", 2010) These are as follows: The main objectives for outsourcing The place allocated for outsourcing To understand the need and importance of outsourcing in medium-sized enterprises, it is necessary to find out the differences in the outsourcing process. The medium sized enterprises aim at low cost quality production unlike the large enterprises with abundance in financial support. Outsourcing helps them to achieve it. The differences are operational while setting the objectives for outsourcing. To cite an example, as discussed by Willcocks et al (2013), the larger enterprises of footwear and textile subcontract mainly from the neighboring regions or from a poorer country. On the other hand, the medium sized countries lag behind in the competition because their abilities are embedded in the local knowledge system. Increased outsourcing internationally can actually accelerate their competency level. Outsourcing benefits for Tigo In an emerging market situation in African country Tanzania, it was important for Tigo to expand in other countries of the same continent for the development of its business, and they have planned the extension of market very well. Outsourcing involves third party intervention and Tigo has built partnership with Jumia. Jumia is an online shopping destination. The product ranges from food to house, car and jobs. Being a telecommunication system, it has enabled the online service easy for the specific customers. As it is found, the objectives or Tigo for outsourcing can be pointed out. Customization of service Utilization of digital marketing Tigo has also made partnership with Kupatana.com for easy online business transactions. The primary objective behind this partnership is to promote and sell others products and services online. This is nothing but the expansion of an industry. The organization entered into many such business partnerships for the sake of expansions. For example, in 2016, Prime Time promotions joined Tigo as their partners. Such a well-planned joint collaborations have increased the reputation of Tigo and many people seek to work for them. The workforce willing to serve under Tigo can belong to any form of diversities. Tigo has mentioned that people from different nationalities can join them as employees. In the annual report, 2015 of Millicom group under which Tigo operates estimated 7.4% organic growth in its revenue. Surely, Tigo is moving ahead very strong in African and Latin American countries with its systematic outsourcing strategy to sustain in an emerging market. ("Millicom | The Digital Lifestyle", 2016) 3. Research Methodology Sampling I purposively chose Millicom International Cellular S.A. (MIC), because the company is the first cellular network in Tanzania, established in 1994. According to K (2014), the brand name is Tigo and it provides the most affordable, widely accessible and readily available prepaid cellular service to more than7 million customers in Tanzania. Tigo Tanzania has more than 500 permanent Staff. I undertook the main task of exploring the companys outsourcing activities. Focusing on finding out if there was a need to undergo outsourcing process and what types of activities in the company have been outsourced. The research went further to study the two key areas, before outsourcing and post outsourcing decision and the impact to the company. I employed qualitative techniques for data collection and analysis. I collected data through review of available documents, questionnaires, and a series of face-to-face interviews with head of departments and line managers and non-managers employees of Tigo, Tanzania limited. This allowed me to have access of information from all affected parties and the decision makers i.e. the senior management team who were directly involved in outsourcing action and the evidence of employees who somehow affected directly by the process i.e. the former employees who worked on outsourced activities. As already stated, more than seven million customers in Tanzania are highly benefitted and facilitated with the prepaid cellular service of Tigo. Sampling technique is one of the most effective processes of collecting necessary data and information amidst large number of population. The benefits of maintaining outsourcing and the impact of outsourcing on the companies are the primary concern of this particular study. According to Bharathi Kumar, (2013), however, in order to collect necessary data and information, the importance of sampling technique is truly undeniable. Sampling technique is constituted with two types including probability sampling technique and non-probability sampling technique. Probability sampling technique involves a large number of people instead of being specific. A large number of employees from several departments have been involved for providing appropriate data and information. This specific research primarily focuses on two particular areas that include the impact of outsourcing in the realm of primary techniques and the factors affecting the scopes of outsourcing methods and techniques. On the other hand, the concept of non-probability sampling technique is completely different. According to Teirlinck et al (2013), in non-probability sampling technique, the analyst has to be specific while collecting necessary data and information. As discussed by Jan et al (2016), Tigo being a cellular brand is primarily concerned with satisfying the demands of the customers by maintaining a balance in demand and supply. Therefore, the customer service department is the primary focus for this research work from where the source of authentic data and information can be collected. As opined by Die et al (2012), Tigo tends to deal with 7 million customers in order to fulfill their needs and demands by providing effective cellular service process. Therefore, this particular research provides an in-depth understanding and knowledge regarding the challenges and obstacles that the customer executives of Tigo have to face day-by-day. For this specific research work, probability-sampling technique has been selected in order to accomplish the entire project successfully. With the help of probability sampling technique, more than 250 employees of Tigo have been selected for gathering necessary information regarding the outsourcing policies of Tigo. They have provided immense data about the business strategies of Tigo based on which this organization is occupying a predominant place in the realm of telecom industry. A number of staff interviewed is as shown in the (Table 1 below) Selection of Respondents The number of staff interviewed is as shown in the (Table 1 below) Selection of Respondents Table 3: The number and position interviewed personnel General Manager/CEO 1 Senior Managers 5 Line Managers 4 Non-Managers 4 As shown above, 14 people were interviewed grouping the interview questions into two categories, for the General Manager / Senior Managers and non-managers. Factors used to formulate questions were based on; 1) Decision makers who decided to implement the process 2) The recipient group and their reaction towards the process Data Collection I collected the data using mostly face-to-face interviews because most of the interviewees were available for interviews. The procedure was trusted because it could stimulate rich more information from the selected candidates on time and feel one's reactions. The interview questions were open ended to allow the interviewer to get as many information as possible. The face to face interviews were conducted in a period of two months. All interviews were tape recorded to capture the informant's words and for the future use of data collected if need be. I asked for their consent to use the position and names in the study, and all agreed. Most of critical questions I posed them to the CEO of the company, The Chief Financial Officer, The Head of Technical Operations, The Head of Customer Operations and The Chief Information Officer. In the analysis section, I will come up with the conclusion subsection, which will then be the basis of my findings. Data collection is the systematic procedure based on which the relevant information and data have been gathered from various reliable sources. In order to conduct the entire research successfully, the can be collected from two main sources that include primary source of data and secondary source of data. As Fauzy et al (2015) explained, primary data has been collected from various surveys, interviews, group discussion, focal group and so many. On the other hand, secondary data are collected from numerous books, journals, newspapers, magazines, online websites and so many. For this particular research, primary source of data has been chosen to be used. As discussed by Lacity et al (2014), the reason behind choosing primary source of data is undeniable. From primary source of data, the direction communication between the sender and receiver can be conducted. The receiver can get an immediate feedback from the sender. As a result, the entire communication becomes very much effective. According to Nakakita (2013), in addition, as the receiver is getting the opportunity to get an immediate feedback from the sender, a large number of information can be collected. In order to clarify any doubt, the receiver can ask an immediate question to the sender for clarifying doubt. However, primary source of data is constituted with two techniques of data collection methods and techniques. According to Liang Wakahara (2015), these include qualitative data collection technique and quantitative data collection technique. In this particular project, qualitative data collection technique has primarily been chosen for acquiring sufficient knowledge and information about the benefits of maintaining outsourcing of Tigo. Qualitative data collection technique is based on interview questions. I wanted to involve 14 existing staffs of Tigo in order to make an effective communication with them. While collecting data, I never intended to force the participants for providing additional information that are strictly prohibited by the administrative managers of Tigo. The willing participation of the employees was highly entertained for completing this particular research work. The business strategies and policies were not my primary concern at the time of conducting the interview session. The innumerable challenges that Tigo had to face while maintaining the entire business organization successfully were my key focus. According to Jayaram et al (2014), I received immense information about the advantages and the disadvantaged of outsourcing procedures for a cellular business organization like Tigo. Data Analysis The main source of data collected for this study was mainly personal interviews with the senior managers including the General Manager of the company. All the staff interviewed was presented with the questions prior to a meeting. I relied on this procedure because I believed I will get direct answers through discussions with the selected candidates. The interview questions were open ended to allow the interviewer to get as many information as possible. The personal interviews were conducted in a period two months a 14 staff were interviewed. All interviews were tape recorded to capture the informants own words and for the future use of data collected if need be. In the results findings, all the information gathered are well explained and I will have a conclusion remarks where all the objectives of the study will discussed as well. The entire intended group for interviews and discussions gave me maximum support. I was able to collect as much information as I wanted. Almost all the dat a and information I wanted was provided for. As mentioned, all the findings and conclusions are being covered hereunder. After conducting an in-depth conversation with the CEO of Tigo, it can be evaluated that outsourcing is able to facilitate a business organization in order to spread their wings in various geographical areas. As discussed by Thompson et al (2013), people of different boundaries cannot acquire an in-depth overview about the reliability of the product of that particular organization. Therefore, outsourcing has been considered as one of the most effective ways to gain the image and reputation. According to Cavusgil et al (2014), apart from the CEO of Tigo, five senior managers have also been involved for sharing their point of views regarding the facilities of outsourcing for a specific business organization. As discussed by Pollack (2013) among five senior managers, one of the most senior managers of financial department stated that organization has to face innumerable difficulties in order to gain the trust of people from different geographical areas. Tigo is successful enough to main tain the reliability of their products. According to Tomiura et al (2013), however, as per the point of view of fourteen employees, one of the marketing executives stated that digital media is the primary source of maintaining promotional activities of Tigo. Randa (2015) opined that in order to draw the attention of various customers from different geographical boundaries, Tigo has stated outsourcing for spreading their wings in international market. As discussed by Hassanain et al (2015), after making entire data collection procedure, it is evident and clear that I have received immense co-operation from the managers as well as from the existing staffs. The way they have supported me throughout the entire data collection method is truly commendable. I had made an effective conversation with the managers of Tigo more than ten minutes. As a result, immense data and information have been gathered on this particular research issue. The sources that I had applied for acquiring knowledge is most reliable and authentic so that r eaders do not have to lose their trust. Results/Findings In this section, the results that are gathered from the analysis of the data will be discussed. The findings will help to reach to conclusion. At first it will be discussed how Millicom has grown over the ages, and then the detailed report will be given. Findings As discussed by Evangelista (2013), Millicom has spread in the countries of Africa and South Africa. The specific regions where they have spread their business are as follows: Central America South America Africa One can look at the report of 2014 and see the growth in its business. The revenue generated in these areas in this year is as follows: Central America- $2,460m South America- $2,956m Africa- $1,000m ("Millicom | The Digital Lifestyle", 2016) However, the report of 2015 has already been given in the previous section ofr the assignment. Tigo Tanzania started outsourcing seven years ago; we started with the customers operations department. The reason being a response to increased number of complaints from our customers for our services in our call center and customer walk- in shops the feedback from the customers were not impressive, we thought of how to improve our services, then the management came up with the idea of outsourcing the customer operations and remain with few internal Staff who will monitor the vendor activities, the aim was not to downsize the number but rather to improve the service. (D. Gutierrez, personal communications, July 10, 2014) The CEO further said, The outsourcing for customer operations went into two phases, the first phase was the call center, by then we were having 50 Staffs receiving 300 calls per day. As I am speaking to you now the number of agents who receives calls has increased from50 to 100 per shift, serving an average of 650 customers a day and now customer satisfaction is at the average of 90%. (D. Gutierrez, personal Communication, and July 10, 2014). The CEO added, we then outsourced the walk-in shops we had, including the employees working in there, we saw it necessary as we did for the call center as it showed the green light that outsourcing was possible, currently, what the company does is to identify ideal location, acquire it renovate it to our standards and brand the shops, pays rent and handle it to a vendor to sell our products, in other words, we franchise the shops , but we make sure they all maintain the same standards and the customer operations manager checking the services regularly. (D. Gutierrez, personal communication, July 10, 2014) In 2009, the IT department was outsourced, we saw it necessary to outsource this department due to the reason that, the technology is growing very fast, we did not want to be left behind technologically, hiring the experts and employ them permanently could be very expensive, the only solution we had was to hire their services while working in their countries of origin which is India. (C.Antezana, personal communication, July 7, 2014) "we had no option but to cut down the number of Staff as some of sections had to be taken by the supplier, it was not easy to break the news to the Staff who were losing their jobs, we had to prepare them psychologically and even encourage to apply jobs in other departments and the ones applied were given first priority but a good number left the company because they could not fit into other departments. (C.Antezana, personal communication, July 7, 2014) One of the affected staff who now works in other department has this to say, when we received the news, it was not easy to accept, it was like our dreams are shut, it took a month to some of my colleagues for their working mood to be activated, it was a very difficult time for us and some of my colleague have not secured jobs since then (Y. Zahor, personal communication, August 6, 2014). Outsourcing has been an ongoing process for Tigo. In early 2010 a decision to outsource its passive network infrastructure was reached, there are two types of network in technical terms, 1) passive infrastructure which includes network or cell site towers and its equipment 2) active infrastructure part of network which includes technology and people. The reason for the outsourcing was 1) to concentrate on core business processes 2) To improve the quality of the network. The CTO said in 2010 we reached more than 1300 towers from 650 that we had in 2008, the number of cell sites towers doubled, the management of towers became difficult to manage from within, and thats how the decision to outsource was reached so as to keep pace with the speed of growth we experienced (O.Russel, personal communication, July 12, 2014) The CTO added, the management of cell site towers required to buy equipment, regular maintenance, monitor fuel consumptions, pay power bills, employ more field Engineers as the cell site towers increases and pay rent to land lords where the towers are built, on the other hand, the company was responsible for planning, identifying locations to build a cell site tower and looking for a supplier to build cell site towers and Tigo do the installation and put the cell site on air. In 2011, the company identified and selected Helios Towers Africa as the ideal supplier; the deal was sealed within the same year, and the outsourcing processes began. We agreed to sell all the towers to Helios Towers Africa and lease them back holding 40% share of the business (O.Russel, personal communication, July 12, 2014). Selling of cell site towers and leasing them back has cleared all the back log we had, it was not easy to manage the towers from within, we didnt have enough resources for that but again we didnt have enough expats for that, our network quality was very poor since we had a lot at hand to concentrate on at the same time (D. Gutierrez, personal communication, July 14 2014). Our network has improved tremendously since then; there is a penalty clause which we agreed on service agreement level, below that level they are subject to penalties (O. Russel, personal communication, July 12, 2014). The head of Marketing added we no longer have to worry about managing our towers, we are now concentrating on our cobusiness processes such as sales and distribution, branding and Value Added Service, the revenue has grown to 15% from 2012 when we finally transferred all passive infrastructure to Helios Africa, (P. Diego, personal communication, July 18, 2014). The CFO commended the move of outsourcing cell site towers as one of the best decision ever made by the company, In a year time after outsourcing the towers. we experienced the serving in OPEX (Operational expenditure) and CAPEX (Capital Expenditure) we have been able to save more than 9% of expenses, and the current projections towards the end of the year the saving may reach 14% . (E.Sahoud, Personal Communication, July 21, 2014). On 12 August 2014 another decision of outsourcing was made in Tigo Tanzania, the CEO narrated that they are going to outsource the active infrastructure part of the network, he said it has been extremely apparent that our core business is in increasing our focus on improving lives through digital technologies. Having a strong, reliable and high performing network infrastructure is a key supporting element for that, and we have decided to maximize the benefits of global transformation by moving to a Managed Services model, partnering with a leading provider who will take responsibility for the running of our active network (D. Gutierrez, personal communication, August 14, 2014). I want to emphasize that unlike many operators, our key aim in doing this has been to improve customer quality rather than reduce cost. We have selected Huawei as our strategic partner. Our selection decision has been driven by quality. We have conducted rigorous due diligence on a range of possible suppliers and a comprehensive selection process. I can now confirm that we have entered into a five-year agreement with Huawei for the following: Active network operation: Radio, Transmission, Core Network, Operational Support Systems and NOC (Network Operations Center). Support and maintenance contracts Spare parts management Network modernization and Software upgrades. (D. Gutierrez, personal communication, August 14, 2014) Strategic control, Converged Billing Solution, high-level planning/design of the network including all capital expenditure investment decisions remain with Tigo. In addition a small team will be set up within Tigo to manage the contract with Huawei, and ensure that the service meets the expected standards to add on he said naturally a key element of the agreement is very clearly defined Key Performance Indicators and Service Level Agreements (D. Gutierrez, personal Communication, August 14, 2014). Further inquiries on why they chose Huawei over other companies, and his reaction was as follows; Huawei were the clear winners in our selection process. As discussed by Hirschheim et al (2013), they have a well-established presence in Africa, but most importantly are growing extremely fast. Their equipment processes and service standards are of the very highest level, and they were able to offer the best long term assurance for the staff. As discussed by Schoentgen (2012), a growing company with many other Managed Services contracts and more in the pipeline means that the career opportunities for our transferring staff are significantly enhanced. This means our Staffs have a long-term future with the chosen partner. (D. Gutierrez, personal communication, August 14, 2014) On how to deal with staff in case they resists these changes, since some of them were worried as is not easy to accept changes, he said Functions within Operations, will in due course, become employees of Huawei. Our contract with Huawei sets out protection for our employees far in excess of the legal requirements and significantly better than other managed services deals you may have read about. Our current expectation is that around 128 of our Operations staff will transfer to Huawei. Key protections include: Full compliance with all local labor laws and practices in relation to this type of employee move, including any consultation requirements A guarantee of equivalent terms and conditions of employment (salary and benefits) or better We fully understand that these changes will be result in significant questions and natural concern about the future, but we are being fully transparent and will continue to keep them informed. Conclusion As mentioned earlier, purpose of this paper was to present empirical research on outsourcing, and studying if there are a need and importance to opt for this process. A huge range of discussion about the necessity and importance of outsourcing process is elaborated in detailed manner. The global scenario of outsourcing is constantly changing and fast moving. Various leading organizations in todays competitive business world switch to the single vendors from mega contracts in multiple ways. Organizations try out innovative, creative and completely new variant of outsourcing, which is effective for the business function and it is named as multi sourcing. As discussed in Oshri et al,.(2015), the software companies generally use Multi sourcing as it includes various IT operations to multiple vendors. The process of HR outsourcing is increases in rapid manner than other kind of resources as it is becoming the buzzwords of this decade and it is in the top list of outsourcing industry. Acco rding to Gobble,.(2013), mainly the companies of Europe and U.S use HR outsource than other countries. Outsourcing has the capability to create a perfect level of job entry in a specific sector and industry. The perceived and adequate reasons behind the gradual increasing popularity of outsourcing process are very hard to discern and reducing operation costs, better expertise and great services of an organization. Outsourcing also frees the organizations from several administrative burdens with allowance HR in order to concentrate more on the existing strategic challenges that may damage the brand image and functions of an organization. According to Abbott,.(2013), the HR outsource process can be ranged to strategic consultancy from purely transactional procedures. The HR outsourcing commonly includes the administrative process in regular manner, such as data entry, payroll-processing, execution of training and recruitment programs, compensation, resume management, employee communic ation, HR data analytics, leave administration and pension plans. Some companies restrict the outsourcing process only because of the pay structure, hiring procedures, recruitment decisions and compensation that may hamper the organizational policy. Here are potential risks with the outsourcing process as it has been proved as a failure often. Outsourcing is unable to predict and define the objectives and goals before the beginning of the outsourcing process. It does not establish internal baseline against which the providers should measure costs, value additions and services. Outsourcing operates in the international market without even gaining international experience. Outsource does not involve the ultimate decision-making without collecting complete information on the internal processes and costs. Outsourcing also lacks the planning of risk assessment and analysis and the flaws to understand in critical manner the impish relationship in between the requirements of employment law and human relations for outsourcing initiative. As discussed by Ndikumana et al,.(2015), there are risks during the selection, implementation and management of outsourcing. However, the future trends in outsourcing suggests supply chain consortium, w hich will examine the scope of more risks related to the outsourcing process within particular levels of supply chain management in future. Outsourcing enhances the needs of customer satisfaction with the gradual development of core competency. According to Jamil et al,.(2013), in order to invest resources and time in the deployment and design of the proved outsourcing process will actually help an organization to avoid and ignore the potential risks of outsourcing. With the effective selection of outsourcing process, an organization can capture the desired position in the concerned industry. The analysis shows that it was vital for the company to undergo the outsourcing process because it was under the pressure of improving its performance and quality of services offered by the company. The analysis has shown that the company succeeded in its objectives, and it has continued to outsource some of its processes. However, every good cause comes with bad cause, through the process there was an affected group, the employees who lost their jobs, and some of them were not ready to be transferred to the supplier. Through the study I can conclude that global economy has reacted and assimilated to this process, therefore any company, wishes to undergo the process may wish to outline the advantages and prepare to tackle the pitfalls that might happen as there is no smooth path towards implementation of the process. 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Linguistic Change in Standard English-Free-Samples for Students

Question: How does the ideal of a Standard form of English Affect People in Real Situations? Answer: Introduction Language privilege is something that most of the society does not talk about. This term may seem to be a surprise to many who are not familiar with travelling abroad. However, to others, who have had travelled abroad at least once in their lives, it is not really a surprise. The global field is extremely accessible for them who can speak English. This is also because most of the English speakers have considered in their minds that others are familiar with their languages (Rapoport, 2016). However, this mindset also tends to limit the minds where they do not really understand knowing a different language can be of an advantage too. However, other than that, different dialects of English are not considered as a part of the sophisticated genre of language. This essay triggers this issue of language privilege in the light of four articles. Discussion Language is always associated with a sense of prestige within any speech community. The prestige provides the explanation for one specific variation within the language. That particular prestige variety is the one which is considered by the society to be correct or the superior one. Therefore, the speakers of a specific variety are considered to be the sophisticated ones, even if others are speakers of the same language. However, there are several speakers of English who tend to choice grammatically correct phrases and words while talking in a prestigious situation, while in other places, they use the colloquial version of English (Bauer, 2014). Most of times, the fractured and the broken parts of English have been considered as the limited English as well (Tan, 2017). It has been observed in different situation, that the people who are speaking the broken English are considered to be less prestigious and they are not treated well in places such as banks, departmental stores, restaur ants etc. As English has always been associated with a sense of prestige, especially on a global level, the people who are not capable of speaking good English because their mother tongue is not English, they have been considered to be inferior. Even though the government has the rules and regulations forbidding that the employers should not discriminate on the basis of the color of their skin or any personal preferences, there have been several highly qualified applicants who have been rejected on the basis of their language traits (LIPPI-GREEN, 1994). Most of the employers have a blind preference for a certain standard language variation. This can be considered as the linguistic discrimination which is based on the accent of the candidate most of the times. Due to this discrimination, there are several potential candidates whose mother tongue is not English, have been rejected on a global level. If the case of Robyn Kina is considered, she was unable to communicate well with her lawyers due to the language difference. This also indicated to the fact that the lawyers are never trained to communicate in a non-aboriginal way. The entire education system has trained them to communicate in the standard form, while on the other hand her counselor and journalists could communicate to her easily. This may also indicate that the lawyers did not bother to communicate with her due to the non-prestigious stigma associated with her dialect. Conclusion The more this stigma get detached to the accents of language, it will not affect people in reality. However, this can only be done with the change of the worldview regarding language variations Reference List Bauer, L. (2014). Watching English change: An introduction to the study of linguistic change in standard Englishes in the 20th century. Routledge. LIPPI-GREEN, R. (1994). Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in the courts (2nd ed., pp. 163-198). Language in Society, Vol. 23. Rapoport, A. (2016). Human aspects of urban form: towards a manenvironment approach to urban form and design. Elsevier. Tan, A. (2017). Mother Tongue, 1-5.